Abstract: In a fixed delay optical communication system, rate adjustable differential phase shift key (DPSK) techniques eliminate the need for multiple comparing modules, each corresponding to a different data rate. Setting alternative data rates at integer multiples of the fundamental data rate of the optical communication system allows the system to process the respective integer number of symbols per period of the system, wherein the period of the system is the inverse of the fundamental data rate. Pulse carving techniques may be used to set the duty cycle of clock levels associated with a clock signal. The clock levels may be combined with respective symbols to provide optical symbols having a duty cycle less than 100%.

Abstract: A method of reformulating a gasoline is provided to form a reformulated gasoline having as compared to the gasoline a reduction, upon burning and exhausting from a vehicle, of both hydrocarbon mass and reactivity of vehicle exhaust emissions and simultaneously a reduction of vehicle exhaust emissions of toxics, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, wherein said gasoline comprises a concentration of aromatic compounds, olefinic compounds, and sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds and may be characterized by a 90 percent distillation temperature, said method comprising (a) reducing said concentration of aromatic compounds; (b) reducing said concentration of olefinic compounds; (c) reducing said concentration of sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds; (d) reducing said 90 percent distillation temperature; and (e) adding an oxygenate. A reformulated gasoline formulated by use of such method is also provided.