Abstract: A surface-consistent refraction analysis automatically derives near surface corrections during seismic data processing. Residual time lags are evaluated in multiple CMP-offset-azimuth bins by similarity analysis with a pilot trace where a correlation window is centered at the refracted arrival. The similarity analysis may take the form of computerized cross-correlation, or other criteria such as semblance. The residuals are then used to build a system of linear equations that is simultaneously inverted for surface-consistent shot and receiver time shift corrections plus a possible subsurface residual term. The refraction analysis steps are completely automated and require a fraction of the time needed for conventional near surface analysis.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: A method for refraction-based surface-consistent amplitude compensation and deconvolution includes receiving seismic traces, the seismic traces generated using at least one source and at least one receiver; calculating an amplitude residual for each seismic trace; determining surface-consistent amplitude residuals for the at least one source and the at least one receiver based on the amplitude residual for each seismic trace; and performing surface-consistent amplitude correction to each seismic trace by applying the determined surface-consistent amplitude residuals for the at least one source and the at least one receiver.

Abstract: The subject matter of this specification can be embodied in, among other things, an unmanned aerial vehicle system includes a first loop airframe structure having a transmitter loop antenna and defining a plane, a second loop airframe structure having a receiver loop antenna having a diameter smaller than the transmitter loop antenna and oriented substantially parallel to the plane, a plurality of vertical thrusters configured to provide lift substantially perpendicular to the plane and elevate the system above a ground surface, at least one lateral thruster configured to provide thrust substantially parallel to the plane, a controller affixed configured to control the plurality of vertical thrusters and the lateral thruster, and an electromagnetic sensing system (such as ground-penetrating radar) configured to transmit electromagnetic signals using the transmitter loop antenna and receive secondary electromagnetic signals of secondary eddy currents caused by interactions between the EM signals and undergroun

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for performing real-time detecting and spatially-positioning a waterfront in an oil-producing reservoirs are disclosed. An example method of predicting movement of a waterfront in a reservoir may include generating a plurality of electrical signals having different frequencies with a surface electric source; injecting currents corresponding to the plurality of generated signals into the earth near a well extending into the reservoir with a surface dipole; sensing a vertical component of an electric field generated by each of the injected currents at a location in the reservoir with a sensor; detecting a location of the waterfront within the reservoir based on the received vertical components of the electric fields; and analyzing the detected vertical components of the electric fields taken on at least two different points in time with machine learning to predict a rate of movement of the waterfront within the reservoir.

Abstract: Naturally-occurring, electromagnetic signals generated by interaction of solar wind with earth's magnetosphere adjacent a borehole are measured by an electromagnetic sensor positioned adjacent the borehole in the hydrocarbon-bearing formation. Electromagnetic signals generated within the borehole are measured over a period of time by a borehole sensor positioned within the borehole. The electromagnetic signals change over the period of time due to variations in fluid distributions within the hydrocarbon-bearing formation. Electromagnetic changes to the electromagnetic signals generated within the borehole and to the passive, naturally-occurring electromagnetic signals over the period of time are determined by one or more processors. A computational model of the hydrocarbon-bearing formation is generated based in part on the electromagnetic changes.

Abstract: Naturally-occurring, electromagnetic signals generated by interaction of solar wind with earth's magnetosphere adjacent a borehole are measured by an electromagnetic sensor positioned adjacent the borehole in the hydrocarbon-bearing formation. Electromagnetic signals generated within the borehole are measured over a period of time by a borehole sensor positioned within the borehole. The electromagnetic signals change over the period of time due to variations in fluid distributions within the hydrocarbon-bearing formation. Electromagnetic changes to the electromagnetic signals generated within the borehole and to the passive, naturally-occurring electromagnetic signals over the period of time are determined by one or more processors. A computational model of the hydrocarbon-bearing formation is generated based in part on the electromagnetic changes.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: The subject matter of this specification can be embodied in, among other things, an unmanned aerial vehicle system includes a first loop airframe structure having a transmitter loop antenna and defining a plane, a second loop airframe structure having a receiver loop antenna having a diameter smaller than the transmitter loop antenna and oriented substantially parallel to the plane, a plurality of vertical thrusters configured to provide lift substantially perpendicular to the plane and elevate the system above a ground surface, at least one lateral thruster configured to provide thrust substantially parallel to the plane, a controller affixed configured to control the plurality of vertical thrusters and the lateral thruster, and an electromagnetic sensing system (such as ground-penetrating radar) configured to transmit electromagnetic signals using the transmitter loop antenna and receive secondary electromagnetic signals of secondary eddy currents caused by interactions between the EM signals and undergroun

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: A surface-consistent refraction analysis method to automatically derive near surface corrections for seismic data processing. The method uses concepts from surface-consistent analysis applied to refracted arrivals. The method includes the use of CMP-offset-azimuth binning, evaluation of mean travel time and standard deviation for each bin, rejection of anomalous first break (FB) picks, derivation of CMP-based travel time-offset functions, conversion to velocity-depth functions, evaluation of long wavelength statics and calculation of surface-consistent residual statics through waveform cross-correlation. Residual time lags are evaluated in multiple CMP-offset-azimuth bins by similarity analysis with a pilot trace for all the other traces in the gather where the correlation window is centered at the refracted arrival. The similarity analysis may take the form of computerized cross-correlation, or other criteria such as semblance.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: A surface-consistent refraction analysis method to automatically derive near surface corrections for seismic data processing. The method uses concepts from surface-consistent analysis applied to refracted arrivals. The method includes the use of CMP-offset-azimuth binning, evaluation of mean travel time and standard deviation for each bin, rejection of anomalous first break (FB) picks, derivation of CMP-based travel time-offset functions, conversion to velocity-depth functions, evaluation of long wavelength statics and calculation of surface-consistent residual statics through waveform cross-correlation. Residual time lags are evaluated in multiple CMP-offset-azimuth bins by similarity analysis with a pilot trace for all the other traces in the gather where the correlation window is centered at the refracted arrival. The similarity analysis may take the form of computerized cross-correlation, or other criteria such as semblance.

Abstract: A surface-consistent refraction analysis method to automatically derive near surface corrections for seismic data processing. The method uses concepts from surface-consistent analysis applied to refracted arrivals. The method includes the use of CMP-offset-azimuth binning, evaluation of mean travel time and standard deviation for each bin, rejection of anomalous first break (FB) picks, derivation of CMP-based travel time-offset functions, conversion to velocity-depth functions, evaluation of long wavelength statics and calculation of surface-consistent residual statics through waveform cross-correlation. Residual time lags are evaluated in multiple CMP-offset-azimuth bins by similarity analysis with a pilot trace for all the other traces in the gather where the correlation window is centered at the refracted arrival. The similarity analysis may take the form of computerized cross-correlation, or other criteria such as semblance.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes receiving one or more datasets including measured vertical electric and magnetic fields excited by one or more radial and azimuthal electric field antennas from a downtool into one or more processors, wherein each of the one or more datasets corresponds to a different position of the one or more radial azimuthal electric field antennas, simultaneously inverting the one or more datasets using the one or more processors, and as a result of the simultaneous inversion, generating by the one or more processors a three-dimensional (3D) image of a portion of the geological formation.

Abstract: A surface-consistent refraction analysis automatically derives near surface corrections during seismic data processing. Residual time lags are evaluated in multiple CMP-offset-azimuth bins by similarity analysis with a pilot trace where a correlation window is centered at the refracted arrival. The similarity analysis may take the form of computerized cross-correlation, or other criteria such as semblance. The residuals are then used to build a system of linear equations that is simultaneously inverted for surface-consistent shot and receiver time shift corrections plus a possible subsurface residual term. The refraction analysis steps are completely automated and require a fraction of the time needed for conventional near surface analysis.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.