Abstract: In some variations, an interferometric frequency-reference apparatus comprises: an atom source configured to supply neutral atoms; a collimator configured to form a collimated beam of the neutral atoms; one or more probe lasers; and a Doppler laser configured to determine a ground-state population of the neutral atoms. Other variations provide a method of creating a stable frequency reference, comprising: forming a collimated beam of neutral atoms; illuminating the neutral atoms with first and second probe lasers; adjusting the frequencies of the first probe laser and second probe laser using Ramsey spectroscopy to an S?D transition of the neutral atoms; and determining a ground-state population of the neutral atoms with another laser. The interferometric frequency-reference apparatus may provide an optical frequency reference or a microwave frequency reference.

Abstract: In some variations, an interferometric frequency-reference apparatus comprises: an atom source configured to supply neutral atoms to be ionized; an ionizer configured to excite the neutral atoms to form ionized atoms; an ion collimator configured to form a collimated beam of the ionized atoms; probe lasers; and a Doppler laser configured to determine a ground-state population of the ionized atoms, wherein the atom source, the ionizer, and the ion collimator are disposed within a vacuum chamber. Other variations provide a method of creating a stable frequency reference, comprising: forming ionized atoms from an atomic vapor; forming a collimated beam of ionized atoms; illuminating ionized atoms with first and second probe lasers; adjusting the frequencies of the first probe and second probe lasers using Ramsey spectroscopy to an S?D transition of ionized atoms; and determining a ground-state population of the ionized atoms with another laser.

Abstract: A light emitting device for emitting UVC radiation. The device comprises a substrate and a patterned layer. The patterned layer comprises a plurality of mask regions on the substrate. Exposed portions of the substrate are disposed between the mask regions. A plurality of nanostructures are disposed on the exposed portions of the substrate and over the mask regions, the plurality of nanostructures being a single crystal semiconductor and comprising a core tip. An active layer is disposed over the plurality of nanostructures. The active layer is a quantum well structure and comprises at least one material chosen from AIN, AlGaN and GaN. A p-doped layer is disposed over the active layer. Both the active layer and the p-doped layer are conformal to the plurality of nanostructures so as to form an emitter tip over the core tip.

Abstract: In some variations, an interferometric frequency-reference apparatus comprises: an atom source configured to supply neutral atoms; a collimator configured to form a collimated beam of the neutral atoms; one or more probe lasers; and a Doppler laser configured to determine a ground-state population of the neutral atoms. Other variations provide a method of creating a stable frequency reference, comprising: forming a collimated beam of neutral atoms; illuminating the neutral atoms with first and second probe lasers; adjusting the frequencies of the first probe laser and second probe laser using Ramsey spectroscopy to an S?D transition of the neutral atoms; and determining a ground-state population of the neutral atoms with another laser. The interferometric frequency-reference apparatus may provide an optical frequency reference or a microwave frequency reference.

Abstract: In some variations, an interferometric frequency-reference apparatus comprises: an atom source configured to supply neutral atoms to be ionized; an ionizer configured to excite the neutral atoms to form ionized atoms; an ion collimator configured to form a collimated beam of the ionized atoms; probe lasers; and a Doppler laser configured to determine a ground-state population of the ionized atoms, wherein the atom source, the ionizer, and the ion collimator are disposed within a vacuum chamber. Other variations provide a method of creating a stable frequency reference, comprising: forming ionized atoms from an atomic vapor; forming a collimated beam of ionized atoms; illuminating ionized atoms with first and second probe lasers; adjusting the frequencies of the first probe and second probe lasers using Ramsey spectroscopy to an S?D transition of ionized atoms; and determining a ground-state population of the ionized atoms with another laser.

Abstract: Embodiments provide experiment platforms comprising hardware, software, and user-specified data structures for user-conducted orbital experiments-by-proxy that focus on microgravity as a variable. The experiment is repeated in normal gravity as a control, on a similar platform that may or may not have been constructed and/or programmed by the user. Differences in experimental results performed by similar platforms are thus attributed to the influence of gravity on observed phenomena. Experiments are specified by user-defined data structures which govern the operation of control programs typically previously installed on orbital and ground hardware. Experimentation by proxy and parameter specification allows earthbound students to participate in space-based research at various levels of involvement and at sharply reduced cost, encouraging interest in science and technology in education and future work.

Abstract: A light emitting device for emitting UVC radiation. The device comprises a substrate and a patterned layer. The patterned layer comprises a plurality of mask regions on the substrate. Exposed portions of the substrate are disposed between the mask regions. A plurality of nanostructures are disposed on the exposed portions of the substrate and over the mask regions, the plurality of nanostructures being a single crystal semiconductor and comprising a core tip. An active layer is disposed over the plurality of nanostructures. The active layer is a quantum well structure and comprises at least one material chosen from AIN, AlGaN and GaN. A p-doped layer is disposed over the active layer. Both the active layer and the p-doped layer are conformal to the plurality of nanostructures so as to form an emitter tip over the core tip.

Abstract: A light emitting device for emitting UVC radiation. The device comprises a substrate and a patterned layer. The patterned layer comprises a plurality of mask regions on the substrate. Exposed portions of the substrate are disposed between the mask regions. A plurality of nanostructures are disposed on the exposed portions of the substrate and over the mask regions, the plurality of nanostructures being a single crystal semiconductor and comprising a core tip. An active layer is disposed over the plurality of nanostructures. The active layer is a quantum well structure and comprises at least one material chosen from AlN, AlGaN and GaN. A p-doped layer is disposed over the active layer. Both the active layer and the p-doped layer are conformal to the plurality of nanostructures so as to form an emitter tip over the core tip.

Abstract: Active Directory (AD) configuration file management described herein provides technical solutions for technical problems facing management of Linux/Unix and other Unix-like open source operating systems that use configuration files to manage systems, resources, and settings. This configuration file management may use a network-internal AD Group Policy Object (GPO) to manage these configuration files, where the configuration file management may convert the configuration files into GPOs for deployment via the AD. The use of GPO-based configuration files via AD provides the ability to manage external Linux/Unix systems. When the configuration file management agent detects a change, the configuration file is replaced with a known good configuration file based on the criterion GPO or criterion configuration file. This provides persistence of the configuration GPO and the corresponding Linux/Unix system configuration, such as to implement and enforce information security.

Abstract: A light emitting device for emitting UVC radiation. The device comprises a substrate and a patterned layer. The patterned layer comprises a plurality of mask regions on the substrate. Exposed portions of the substrate are disposed between the mask regions. A plurality of nanostructures are disposed on the exposed portions of the substrate and over the mask regions, the plurality of nanostructures being a single crystal semiconductor and comprising a core tip. An active layer is disposed over the plurality of nanostructures. The active layer is a quantum well structure and comprises at least one material chosen from AlN, AlGaN and GaN. A p-doped layer is disposed over the active layer. Both the active layer and the p-doped layer are conformal to the plurality of nanostructures so as to form an emitter tip over the core tip.

Abstract: Embodiments provide experiment platforms comprising hardware, software, and user-specified data structures for user-conducted orbital experiments-by-proxy that focus on microgravity as a variable. The experiment is repeated in normal gravity as a control, on a similar platform that may or may not have been constructed and/or programmed by the user. Differences in experimental results performed by similar platforms are thus attributed to the influence of gravity on observed phenomena. Experiments are specified by user-defined data structures which govern the operation of control programs typically previously installed on orbital and ground hardware. Experimentation by proxy and parameter specification allows earthbound students to participate in space-based research at various levels of involvement and at sharply reduced cost, encouraging interest in science and technology in education and future work.

Abstract: Embodiments provide experiment platforms comprising hardware, software, and user-specified data structures for user-conducted orbital experiments-by-proxy that focus on microgravity as a variable. The experiment is repeated in normal gravity as a control, on a similar platform that may or may not have been constructed and/or programmed by the user. Differences in experimental results performed by similar platforms are thus attributed to the influence of gravity on observed phenomena. Experiments are specified by user-defined data structures which govern the operation of control programs typically previously installed on orbital and ground hardware. Experimentation by proxy and parameter specification allows earthbound students to participate in space-based research at various levels of involvement and at sharply reduced cost, encouraging interest in science and technology in education and future work.

Abstract: Some variations provide an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal vapor cell with a solid ionic conductor and intercalable-compound electrodes. The intercalable-compound electrodes are used as efficient sources and/or as sinks for alkali metal or alkaline earth metal atoms, thus enabling electrical control over metal atom content in the vapor cell. Some variations provide a vapor-cell system comprising: a vapor-cell region configured to allow a vapor-cell optical path into a vapor-cell vapor phase; a first electrode; a second electrode electrically isolated from the first electrode, wherein the second electrode contains an intercalable compound intercalated by an element selected from Rb, Cs, Na, K, or Sr; and an ion-conducting layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. The ion-conducting layer is ionically conductive for at least one ionic species selected from Rb+, Cs+, Na+, K+, or Sr2+. The intercalable compound is preferably a carbonaceous material, such as graphite.

Abstract: Some variations provide an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal vapor cell with a solid ionic conductor and intercalable-compound electrodes. The intercalable-compound electrodes are used as efficient sources and/or as sinks for alkali metal or alkaline earth metal atoms, thus enabling electrical control over metal atom content in the vapor cell. Some variations provide a vapor-cell system comprising: a vapor-cell region configured to allow a vapor-cell optical path into a vapor-cell vapor phase; a first electrode containing an intercalable compound capable of being intercalated by at least one element selected from Rb, Cs, Na, K, or Sr; a second electrode electrically isolated from the first electrode; and an ion-conducting layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. The ion-conducting layer is ionically conductive for at least one ionic species selected from Rb+, Cs+, Na+, K+, or Sr2+. The first intercalable compound is preferably a carbonaceous material, such as graphite.

Abstract: An Active Directory Bridge (AD Bridge) provides the ability to register, represent, and manage external network resources on an internal network. The external network resources may include cloud resources, such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Software-as-a-Service applications (SaaS apps), cloud-hosted virtual machines (VMs), cloud-hosted computers, and other networked cloud resources. The external network resources may be unable to communicate directly with or join the internal network due to various network connection obstacles. The AD Bridge includes an AD Bridge Gateway, an AD Bridge Gatekeeper, and an AD Bridge Agent. The AD Bridge Agent resides on each external network resource, and provides the connection of the host external network resource through the AD Bridge Gatekeeper and through the AD Bridge Gateway to the internal network. The AD Bridge provides the ability to register, represent, and manage these external network resources on an internal network.

Abstract: An Active Directory Bridge (AD Bridge) provides the ability to register, represent, and manage external network resources on an internal network using Group Policy Objects (GPOs). The AD bridge provides the ability to create GPOs in native Active Directory, where the settings are managed within the GPO and can be associated with Active Directory Organizational Units. The AD bridge provides the ability to manage, monitor, and enforce these settings for external cloud resources by Group Policy. The GPOs may be read from the Domain Controller (e.g., Sysvol) by the AD bridge, then translated and delivered to the cloud resource being managed. As GPOs are updated and deployed, the settings are detected and delivered to the cloud resource. When the cloud resource settings are changed outside of the GPO, the AD bridge monitors and reacts to any changes, making Group Policy the enforcement mechanism for the cloud resources.

Abstract: Embodiments provide experiment platforms comprising hardware, software, and user-specified data structures for user-conducted orbital experiments-by-proxy that focus on microgravity as a variable. The experiment is repeated in normal gravity as a control, on a similar platform that may or may not have been constructed and/or programmed by the user. Differences in experimental results performed by similar platforms are thus attributed to the influence of gravity on observed phenomena. Experiments are specified by user-defined data structures which govern the operation of control programs typically previously installed on orbital and ground hardware. Experimentation by proxy and parameter specification allows earthbound students to participate in space-based research at various levels of involvement and at sharply reduced cost, encouraging interest in science and technology in education and future work.

Abstract: A system for enabling an endpoint residing in an external network to perform resource operations on an internal resource, the system including a directory service managing authentication and authorization operations for the internal resource, a gatekeeper device residing in the external network, and a gateway device residing in an internal network. The gatekeeper device is configured to receive a resource operation request from the endpoint, the resource operation request is associated with a user and transmit the resource operation request to the gateway device. The gateway device is configured to receive the resource operation request from the gatekeeper device, authenticate with the directory service as the user, using credentials of the user, authorize the resource operation request with the directory service, and initiate the resource operation request with the internal resource.

Abstract: A system for enabling an endpoint residing in an external network to perform resource operations on an internal resource, the system including a directory service managing authentication and authorization operations for the internal resource, a gatekeeper device residing in the external network, and a gateway device residing in an internal network. The gatekeeper device is configured to receive a resource operation request from the endpoint, the resource operation request is associated with a user and transmit the resource operation request to the gateway device. The gateway device is configured to receive the resource operation request from the gatekeeper device, authenticate with the directory service as the user, using credentials of the user, authorize the resource operation request with the directory service, and initiate the resource operation request with the internal resource.

Abstract: A gateway device comprising a processor and a memory, the processor is configured to receive a resource request message from an endpoint associated with a user, the resource request message including an external token, a resource operation, and a resource identifier. The processor is also configured to retrieve, from the memory, an authentication identifier associated with one of the endpoint and the user based on the external token and authorize the resource operation with a directory service using the authentication identifier. The processor is further configured to receive an authorization token from the directory service and initiate the resource operation with an internal resource using the authorization token.