Abstract: Disclosed are methods for analyzing reactions involving nucleic acids. The invention utilizes nucleic acids immobilized on a defined substrate in such a manner that the nucleic acid can participate in enzymatic and chemical reactions. These reactions are carried out in the presence of labeled reagents, thereby enabling the progress of the reactions to be analyzed using various techniques, such a fluorescent microscopy. The invention is particularly well suited for investigating transcription phenomena and generating genome-wide maps based upon reactions of individual nucleic acid molecules.

Abstract: A method for observing and determining the size of individual molecules and for determining the weight distribution of a sample containing molecules of varying size, which involves placing a deformable or nondeformable molecule in a medium, subjecting the molecule to an external force, thereby causing conformational and/or positional changes, and then measuring these changes. Preferred ways to ]measure conformational and positional changes include: (1) determining the rate at which a deformable molecule returns to a relaxed state after termination of the external force, (2) determining the rate at which a molecule becomes oriented in a new direction when the direction of the perturbing force is changed, (3) determining the rate at which a molecule rotates, (4) measuring the length of a molecule, particularly when it is at least partially stretched, or (5) measuring at least one diameter of a spherical or ellipsoidal molecule.

Abstract: Disclosed are consensus optical contig maps of an entire genome of an organism and methods of using the maps to verify, validate, refute and/or access the accuracy of a known nucleic acid sequence or full genomic sequence. The maps are constructed using optical methods wherein DNA is elongated and fixed along their length onto a solid planar surface so that the DNA molecules are individually analyzable and accessible for enzymatic reactions. The DNA molecules are then reacted with a restriction enzyme to yield cleaved fragments of discernable length fixed to the surface. The lengths of the fragments are then determined, using optical methods. From the lengths determined, an optical contig map is assembled and can be compared to a corresponding known sequence, for example, a genomic sequence.

Abstract: This invention relates to the separating of papers in a file folder and to a simple, minimalist formation of a multi-separator leaf which can be easily attached to a file folder or integrally formed with a file folder and whose multiple sections can be split apart and used to provide individual dividers for separate batches of paper. A single leaf comprising a leaf body and a leaf hinge portion is provided, where the leaf body is separable into a plurality of marker tab sections, —while remaining hingedly attached to the leaf hinge portion. The multi-separator leaf is provided as a separate entity where the leaf hinge portion can be attached at the spine of a file folder so as to become a part thereof. The multi-separator leaf can be attached at the spine of the file folder and provided as an integral part of a file folder.

Abstract: A method for observing and determining the size of individual molecules and for determining the weight distribution of a sample containing molecules of varying size, which involves placing a deformable or nondeformable molecule in a medium, subjecting the molecule to an external force, thereby causing conformational and/or positional changes, and then measuring these changes. Preferred ways to measure conformational and positional changes include: (1) determining the rate at which a deformable molecule returns to a relaxed state after termination of the external force, (2) determining the rate at which a molecule becomes oriented in a new direction when the direction of the perturbing force is changed, (3) determining the rate at which a molecule rotates, (4) measuring the length of a molecule, particularly when it is at least partially stretched, or (5) measuring at least one diameter of a spherical or ellipsoidal molecule.

Abstract: A method for observing and determining the size of individual molecules and for determining the weight distribution of a sample containing molecules of varying size, which involves placing a deformable or nondeformable molecule in a medium, subjecting the molecule to an external force, thereby causing conformational and/or positional changes, and then measuring these changes. Preferred ways to measure conformational and positional changes include: (1) determining the rate at which a deformable molecule returns to a relaxed state after termination of the external force, (2) determining the rate at which a molecule becomes oriented in a new direction when the direction of the perturbing force is changed, (3) determining the rate at which a molecule rotates, (4) measuring the length of a molecule, particularly when it is at least partially stretched, or (5) measuring at least one diameter of a spherical or ellipsoidal molecule.

Abstract: A method for observing and determining the size of individual molecules and for determining the weight distribution of a sample containing molecules of varying size, which involves placing a deformable or nondeformable molecule in a medium, subjecting the molecule to an external force, thereby causing conformational and/or positional changes, and then measuring these changes. Preferred ways to measure conformational and positional changes include: (1) determining the rate at which a deformable molecule returns to a relaxed state after termination of the external force, (2) determining the rate at which a molecule becomes oriented in a new direction when the direction of the perturbing force is changed, (3) determining the rate at which a molecule rotates, (4) measuring the length of a molecule, particularly when it is at least partially stretched, or (5) measuring at least one diameter of a spherical or ellipsoidal molecule.

Abstract: The invention relates to leaf accessory holders, and in particular to leaf accessory holders otherwise known as mechanical “windowing” devices which can be positioned into multiple locations while still attached to a host. The new elements of the invention are a morphable leaf, which leaf itself has joined functional portions for allowing the transformation of the leaf into a multi-position device, said morphing leaf formed as a planar multisided structure comprising both the mounting leaf and the orientation leaf portion, where both the mounting leaf and the orientation leaf can be positioned into a first position to lie flat, in the same plane, and further where the orientation leaf portion can be rotationally respositioned by 180 degrees into a second location substantially adjacent itself.

Abstract: A method for observing and determining the size of individual molecules and for determining the weight distribution of a sample containing molecules of varying size, which involves placing a deformable or nondeformable molecule in a medium, subjecting the molecule to an external force, thereby causing conformational and/or positional changes, and then measuring these changes. Preferred ways to measure conformational and positional changes include: (1) determining the rate at which a deformable molecule returns to a relaxed state after termination of the external force, (2) determining the rate at which a molecule becomes oriented in a new direction when the direction of the perturbing force is changed, (3) determining the rate at which a molecule rotates, (4) measuring the length of a molecule, particularly when it is at least partially stretched, or (5) measuring at least one diameter of a spherical or ellipsoidal molecule.

Abstract: This invention relates to the separating of papers in a file folder and to a simple, minimalist formation of a multi separator leaf which can be easily attached to a file folder or integrally formed with a file folder and whose multiple sections can be split apart and used to provide individual dividers for separate batches of paper. The invention provides for a single leaf comprising a leaf body and a leaf hinge portion, where the leaf body is separable into a plurality of marker tab sections, while remaining hingedly attached to the leaf hinge portion, and where the leaf hinge portion can be attached to or is integrally attached at the spine of a file folder so as to become a part thereof, for providing a selective means of separating one or more sheets of paper between successive marker tab sections.

Abstract: This invention provides for an essentially open file folder construction where the containment means allows for use of the file folder in an open style as featured in all file folders, while at the same time providing for a box like closure structure that allows for closure along the spine and orthogonal bottom edge of the file folder, which locking closure has the additional feature of showing a substantial portion of the contents, enabling a self typing categorization of the folder by way of the meaning first member contained therein, which member is partially viewable when said file folder is set into its locked configuration.

Abstract: This invention relates to pockets for holding a single or a small batch of sheets of paper, and particularly to the construction of an enclosure which provides “direct write” storage and access for a top leaf enclosed therein, where one entry lip of the pocket is on a border of one edge of the pocket forming a “book edge” for retaining the margin side of a leaf, and dual corner tab pockets are on the opposing edge's corners for retaining one or both corners opposing the margin edge of said leaf, thereby allowing the secure entry of one or more leaves therein, allowing the encoding of the sequence position of the leaf when placed therein as to a place in either “last in first seen” or “last in last seen” position, offering secure sequential viewing along the book edge when the ends secured under the corner tabs are both free, and providing for direct writing on the surface of the top leaf when the pocket is laid face up

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for analyzing reactions involving nucleic acids. The invention utilizes nucleic acids immobilized on a defined substrate in such a manner that the nucleic acid can participate in enzymatic and chemical reactions. These reactions are carried out in the presence of labeled reagents, thereby enabling the progress of the reactions to be analyzed using various techniques, such a fluorescent microscopy. The invention is particularly well suited for investigating transcription phenomena and generating genome-wide maps based upon reactions of individual nucleic acid molecules.

Abstract: A composite label sheet, is provided for comprising: a face sheet having perimeter features and having first and second sides, said first side having at least one or more regions, each region comprising a die cut self tabbing label, said each of said die cut self tabbing labels comprising an upper tab portion, a lower tab portion connected thereto, and a base portion connected to said lower tab portion; a coating of pressure sensitive adhesive disposed on said second side of said face sheet; and a liner having two sides, a first side and a second side, said liner having perimeter features substantially equal to said face sheet, where said first side of said liner is attached to said second side of said face sheet pressure sensitive adhesive, said first side of said liner having its face adapted to be releasably fixed to said pressure sensitive adhesive, such that said each of said at least one regions of die cut self tabbing labels is thereby separable from said releasably adapted face of said liner.

Abstract: A method of producing high-resolution, high-accuracy ordered restriction maps based on data created from the images of populations of individual DNA molecules (clones) digested by restriction enzymes. Detailed modeling and a statistical algorithm, along with an interactive algorithm based on dynamic programming and a heuristic method employing branch-and-bound procedures, are used to find the most likely true restriction map, based on experimental data.

Abstract: A method for observing and determining the size of individual molecules and for determining the weight distribution of a sample containing molecules of varying size, which involves placing a deformable or nondeformable molecule in a medium, subjecting the molecule to an external force, thereby causing conformational and/or positional changes, and then measuring these changes. Preferred ways to measure conformational and positional changes include: (1) determining the rate at which a deformable molecule returns to a relaxed state after termination of the external force, (2) determining the rate at which a molecule becomes oriented in a new direction when the direction of the perturbing force is changed, (3) determining the rate at which a molecule rotates, (4) measuring the length of a molecule, particularly when it is at least partially stretched, or (5) measuring at least one diameter of a spherical or ellipsoidal molecule.

Abstract: The present invention also relates to single molecule optical sequencing methods and systems for determining the nucleotide sequence of individual double stranded nucleic acid molecules elongated and fixed to a solid-surface by nicking the nucleic acid molecule, enzymatically adding labeled nucleotides and imaging the labeled nucleotides.

Abstract: What is provided is a folio having at least one set of interleaved attachment tabs hingedly formed at the folio spine, comprising a first tab and a second nested tab, where both tabs share the same spine axis, and where each tab provides a means for attaching a leaf thereto, whether by providing a surface for fixedly attaching a leaf to or by providing a structural support for attaching a leaf thereto.

Abstract: A method of producing high-resolution, high-accuracy ordered restriction maps based on data created from the images of populations of individual DNA molecules (clones) digested by restriction enzymes. Detailed modeling and a statistical algorithm, along with an interactive algorithm based on dynamic programming and a heuristic method employing branch-and-bound procedures, are used to find the most likely true restriction map, based on experimental data.