Abstract: Novel imides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor &agr; and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 2-Phthalimido-3-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)propane.

Abstract: Substituted 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-phthalimides and 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines reduce the levels of TNF&agr; in a mammal. A typical embodiment is 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroisoindoline.

Abstract: Substituted 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines are useful in reducing undesirable levels of TNF&agr; in a mammal. Typical embodiments are pharmaceutical compositions containing 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline and 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline.

Abstract: Substituted 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines and 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-piperidin-3-yl)isoindolines reduce the levels of TNF&agr; in a mammal and are useful in treating oncogenic conditions, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. Typical embodiments are 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroiso-indoline and 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline.

Abstract: Substituted 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)phthalimides and 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines reduce the levels of TNF&agr; in a mammal. Typical embodiments are 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroisoindoline and 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline.

Abstract: Novel aryl amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor &agr; and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is N-benzoyl-3-amino-3-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)propanamide.

Abstract: Substituted 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines are useful in treating inflammation, inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, and oncogenic or cancerous conditions in a mammal. Typical embodiments are 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline and 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline.

Abstract: Novel aryl amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor .alpha. and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is N-benzoyl-3-amino-3-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)propanamide.

Abstract: 1-Oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-fluoropiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines and 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-fluoropiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF.alpha. in a mammal. A typical embodiment is 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-fluoropiperidin-3 -yl)-isoindoline.

Abstract: Methods for treating Attention Deficit Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, AIDS Dementia Complex and cognitive decline in HIV-AIDS while minimizing drug hypersensitivity, toxicity, side effects, euphoric effect, and drug abuse potential by administration of d-threo-methylphenidate or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Abstract: 1-Oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-fluoropiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines and 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-fluoropiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines reduce the levels of TNF.alpha. in a mammal. A typical embodiment is 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-fluoropiperidin-3-yl)-isoindoline.

Abstract: Novel aryl amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor .alpha. and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is N-benzoyl-3-amino-3-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)propanamide.

Abstract: Tetrasubstituted 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindolines reduce the levels of TNF.alpha. in a mammal. A typical embodiment is 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroisoindoline.

Abstract: Novel aryl amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor .alpha. and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is N-benzoyl-3-amino-3-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)propanamide.

Abstract: Novel lactams and processes for the preparation of chiral compounds having utility as intermediates in the synthesis of compounds with Central Nervous System stimulant activity.

Abstract: Imide/amide ethers and alcohols are inhibitors of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor .alpha. and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, arthritis, asthma, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 3-Phthalimido-3-(3', 4'-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol.

Abstract: 1-Oxo- and 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl) isoindolines substituted with amino in the benzo ring reduce the levels of TNF.alpha. in a mammal. A typical embodiment is 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-5-aminoisoindoline.

Abstract: Mixtures of enantiomeric D,L-threo 2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acids can be stereoisomerically enriched by contacting the mixture with a D-threonine aldolase. In a typical embodiment, D- and L-threo 2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)propionic acid is treated with D-threonine aldolase to produce L-threo 2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)propionic acid with a high ee. The benzaldehyde and amino acid formed from the D-threo isomer can be recycled.

Abstract: Amines in which the amino group is on a secondary carbon atom which is chirally substituted can be enantiomerically enriched by the action of an omega-amino acid transaminase which has the property of preferentially converting one of the two chiral forms to a ketone. The process also can be used to stereoselectively synthesize one chiral form from ketones substantially to the exclusion of the other.

Abstract: Amines in which the amino group is on a secondary carbon atom which is chirally substituted can be enantiomerically enriched by the action of an omega-amino acid transaminase which has the property of preferentially converting one of the two chiral forms to a ketone. The process can be used to stereoselectively sythesize one chiral form from ketones substantially to the exclusion of the other. An aqueous solution of chiral amines after being brought into contact with an omega-amino acid transaminase and an amino acceptor is treated with a water-immiscible organic solvent, the aqueous and organic phases are separated, and the aqueous phase can be recirculated for further contact with the transaminase.