Abstract: Disclosed is a thermocouple circuit that exhibits reduced levels of thermocouple drift. The thermocouple is generally comprised of first and second thermoelectric elements formed of first and second thermoelectric materials, respectively. The first and second thermoelectric elements are coupled to an electrically conductive substrate through intermediate first and second tab elements, respectively. The first and second tab elements are preferably formed of the respective first and second thermoelectric materials, and coupled to the substrate in a spaced apart configuration such that the first and second tab elements, are not physically coupled one to the other. Also disclosed are systems and methods for the preparation and use of the thermocouple circuits disclosed herein.

Abstract: A method of reducing metal loss from the refractory metal of a stirring apparatus for stirring molten glass, and the apparatus therefore are disclosed. The method includes stirring a molten glass with a stirrer comprising a layer containing at least about 50% iridium. An apparatus comprising an iridium-containing layer is also presented. The apparatus may have surfaces adapted to reduce a flow of molten glass over the surface, thereby forming a layer of stagnant, or quasi-stagnant glass on the surface of the stirrer. Adaptations may include grooves in a surface of the stirrer impeller blades, or holes through the stirrer impeller blades.

Abstract: A method of reducing accelerated metal loss from the inner refractory metal of a component of a glass making system. The method utilizes a sacrificial metal member which saturates free volume regions surrounding the component with an oxide vapor of the sacrificial metal member.