Abstract: A set of transaction handling computing elements comprise a network core that receive and process transaction requests into an append-only immutable chain of data blocks, wherein a data block is a collection of transactions, and wherein an Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) data structure supporting the immutable chain of data blocks is an output from a finalized transaction. Typically, the UTXO data structure consists essentially of an address and a value. In this approach, at least one UTXO data structure is configured to include information either in addition to or in lieu of the address and value, thereby defining a Transaction Output (TXO). A TXO may have a variety of types, and one type includes an attribute that encodes data. In response to receipt of a request to process a transaction, the set of transaction handling computing elements are executed to process the transaction into a block using at least the information in the TXO.

Abstract: A gaseous p-xylylene monomer, formed by reacting xylene with a monatomic oxygen source, is mixed with a functional gaseous monomer. The resulting mixture may be deposited and solidified on a substrate, which may optionally be exposed to a photoinitiating light energy and/or a permittivity enhancing electric or magnetic field. Alternatively, the resulting gaseous mixture may be trapped and condensed in a condenser, which may contain a solvent to facilitate trapping. The condensate may be mixed with a tertiary substance, e.g., another monomer, a reactive substance or an inert material.

Abstract: A solid state electrical energy state storage device includes multiple dielectric layers or an integral heterogeneous dielectric layer. Layers or portions of the heterogeneous layer have permittivity augmented by exposing the dielectric material to electric/magnetic fields during formation of the dielectric before complete solidification. Such exposure results in radicals and/or an ordered matrix. A dielectric for the device may contain a new xylene based polymer formed under atmospheric conditions via reaction with monatomic oxygen and provided an augmented permittivity through exposure of the polymer to a magnetic field and/or an electric field during condensation and solidification on a substrate.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for creating extremely high permittivity dielectric materials for use in capacitors and energy storage devices. High permittivity materials suspended in an organic non-conductive media matrix with enhanced properties and methods for making the same are disclosed. Organic polymers, shellac, silicone oil, and/or zein formulations are utilized to produce thin film low conductivity dielectric coatings. Transition metal salts as salt or oxide matrices are formed at low temperatures utilizing mild reducing agents.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for creating extremely high permittivity dielectric materials for use in capacitors and energy storage devices. High permittivity materials suspended in an organic non-conductive media matrix with enhanced properties and methods for making the same are disclosed. Organic polymers, shellac, silicone oil, and/or zein formulations are utilized to produce thin film low conductivity dielectric coatings. Transition metal salts as salt or oxide matrices are formed at low temperatures utilizing mild reducing agents.

Abstract: A solid state electrical energy state storage device includes multiple dielectric layers or an integral heterogeneous dielectric layer. Layers or portions of the heterogeneous layer have permittivity augmented by exposing the dielectric material to electric/magnetic fields during formation of the dielectric before complete solidification. Such exposure results in radicals and/or an ordered matrix. A dielectric for the device may contain a new xylene based polymer formed under atmospheric conditions via reaction with monatomic oxygen and provided an augmented permittivity through exposure of the polymer to a magnetic field and/or an electric field during condensation and solidification on a substrate.

Abstract: An energy storage device comprises a capacitor having a dielectric between opposite electrodes and a nonconductive coating between at least one electrode and the dielectric. The nonconductive coating allows for much higher voltages to be employed than in traditional EDLCs, which significantly increases energy stored in the capacitor. Viscosity of the dielectric material may be increased or decreased in a controlled manner, such as in response to an applied external stimulus, to control discharge and storage for extended periods of time.

Abstract: A gaseous p-xylylene monomer, formed by reacting xylene with a monatomic oxygen source, is mixed with a functional gaseous monomer. The resulting mixture may be deposited and solidified on a substrate, which may optionally be exposed to a photoinitiating light energy and/or a permittivity enhancing electric or magnetic field. Alternatively, the resulting gaseous mixture may be trapped and condensed in a condenser, which may contain a solvent to facilitate trapping. The condensate may be mixed with a tertiary substance, e.g., another monomer, a reactive substance or an inert material.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for creating extremely high permittivity dielectric materials for use in capacitors and energy storage devices. High permittivity materials suspended in an organic non-conductive media matrix with enhanced properties and methods for making the same are disclosed. Organic polymers, shellac, silicone oil, and/or zein formulations are utilized to produce thin film low conductivity dielectric coatings. Transition metal salts as salt or oxide matrices are formed at low temperatures utilizing mild reducing agents.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for creating extremely high permittivity dielectric materials for use in capacitors and energy storage devices. High permittivity materials suspended in an organic non-conductive media matrix with enhanced properties and methods for making the same are disclosed. Organic polymers, shellac, silicone oil, and/or zein formulations are utilized to produce thin film low conductivity dielectric coatings. Transition metal salts as salt or oxide matrices are formed at low temperatures utilizing mild reducing agents.

Abstract: An energy storage device comprises a capacitor having a dielectric between opposite electrodes and a nonconductive coating between at least one electrode and the dielectric. The nonconductive coating allows for much higher voltages to be employed than in traditional EDLCs, which significantly increases energy stored in the capacitor. Viscosity of the dielectric material may be increased or decreased in a controlled manner, such as in response to an applied external stimulus, to control discharge and storage for extended periods of time.

Abstract: An improved process and method for the formation of stable intermediate cyclophanes. Embodiments describe a general method for the production of substituted and unsubstituted cyclophanes. The components include a pyrolysis reaction tube that may be electrically heated into which a flowing stream of nitrous oxide with xylene vapor in an optional inert carrier gas at atmospheric pressure. The exit gas is condensed resulting in the deposition of [2,2?]paracyclophane. Additionally a process and method whereby the reactive intermediates of the reaction described above can be directly deposited and polymerized at atmospheric pressures or thereabout is disclosed.

Abstract: An improved process and method for the formation of stable intermediate cyclophanes. Embodiments describe a general method for the production of substituted and unsubstituted cyclophanes. The components include a pyrolysis reaction tube that may be electrically heated into which a flowing stream of nitrous oxide with xylene vapor in an optional inert carrier gas at atmospheric pressure. The exit gas is condensed resulting in the deposition of [2,2?]paracyclophane. Additionally a process and method whereby the reactive intermediates of the reaction described above can be directly deposited and polymerized at atmospheric pressures or thereabout is disclosed.

Abstract: Non-invasive drug delivery systems useful for the absorption of therapeutically active agents through the epithelial membrane are described. The non-invasive drug delivery system delivers a therapeutic active agent with an ionizable, or ionized, metal, transition metal or metal-containing vehicle. The non-invasive drug delivery system may also have a pH adjustable vehicle which facilitates the absorption of the therapeutic agents by altering the pH of the non-invasive drug delivery system at the site of administration. Also disclosed is a method for the pH “sweeping” of the administered therapeutic active agent to provide a consistent and reproducible absorption of the active agent. Certain formulations utilize low doses of active agents without altering the active agents from their current or previous form.

Abstract: A method is provided for making a high permittivity dielectric material for use in capacitors. Several high permittivity materials in an organic nonconductive media with enhanced properties and methods for making the same are disclosed. A general method for the formation of thin films of some particular dielectric material is disclosed, wherein the use of organic polymers, shellac, silicone oil, and/or zein formulations are utilized to produce low conductivity dielectric coatings. Additionally, a method whereby the formation of certain transition metal salts as salt or oxide matrices is demonstrated at low temperatures utilizing mild reducing agents. Further, a circuit structure and associated method of operation for the recovery and regeneration of the leakage current from the long-term storage capacitors is provided in order to enhance the manufacturing yield and utility performance of such devices.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and apparatus useful for detecting and measuring flow of a fluid along a flow path. In a method according to the invention, the temperature of a flowing fluid is altered at a selected location for a selected duration so as to generate a pulse in the fluid moving in a downstream direction along a flow path, and the fluid is monitored at a sensing region to detect the pulse passing therethrough. An apparatus according to the present invention may comprise a conduit, a sensor element disposed therein, an energy source proximate to the conduit, and a controller operative to generate an on signal and an off signal respectively operative to activate and deactivate the energy source. The present invention also relates to a liquid chromatography device having a fluid flow detecting and measuring apparatus according to the present invention.

Abstract: A spectrophotometer measures optical absorption of light by a sample received in a sample cell. An array of optical elements disperses the light over a spectral pattern, and a fiber optic beam splitter splits light at a selected spectral band into a reference component and a test component. Detectors measure the intensity of the reference component and the test component after the test component passes through the sample. The fiber optic beam splitter includes a plurality of strands arranged with first ends terminating in a common circular area. Opposite ends of peripheral strands are collected into a first set that transmits the test component while the remaining strands for a second set that transmits the reference component. Preferably, there is a single, central, large strand surrounded by smaller strands. Two emitters are provided for light of two different types, such as visible and UV. The optical array forms a collimated beam having an inner core of one type of light and an outer shell of the other.

Abstract: A spectrophotometer employs an array of optical elements to focus light from at least one, but preferably two light sources onto a fiber optic beam splitter that provides a pickup for a selected bandwidth of wavelengths of light in the spectral pattern. The spectral pattern can include wavelengths in the visible, near infrared and ultraviolet spectrum. To create the spectral pattern, two reflecting prisms having spherical surfaces are used, and the optical elements are arranged so that the two spectral bands from each prism are longitudinally aligned to create the spectral pattern. The prisms are on a motor driven pivot mount so that the spectral pattern may be swept across the pickup. The optical elements and the pickup are sized so that the selected bandwidth is less than twenty nanometers over the spectral pattern. The pickup is formed by a single row of the ends of fiber optic strands which are then collimated into two bundles to transmit a test component and a reference component of light.

Abstract: A sample cell assembly employs optics for focusing light though a sample cell, such as one used in electrophoresis. The optical array includes a first cylindrical lens having a central longitudinal axis in a common plane with the longitudinal axis of the sample cell. A second cylindrical lens has its central longitudinal axis oriented transversely to this common plane on another side of the sample cell from the first cylindrical lens. Preferably, a fiber optic beam splitter has a plurality of strands terminating in parallel second ends in the common plane so as to pass light at different longitudinally spaced locations through the sample cell cavity. Here, a plurality of second lenses receive the different light components to focus them respectively on different photodetectors each to create a sample data signal. Where a plurality of sample data signals are generated, processing electronics superimpose them to obtain an augmented signal of aggregate data.

Abstract: A method of processing a feed liquid in the form of an extraction solution containing taxane solutes that is an extraction product of a biomass utilizes at least one semipermeable membrane to remove at least one taxane solute from the solvent by reverse osmosis. The feed liquid is placed in a first region on one side of the membrane and pressure is supplied to transport constitutes of the feed liquid across the membrane to a second region as a first permeate while retaining a first retentate in the first region. The taxane solute may be either retained or transported. Where the taxane solute is transported, the method can further include the use of a second semipermeable membrane of a pore size different from the first membrane and supplying a pressure to transport some of the first permeate across the second membrane as a second permeate while retaining a majority of the desired taxane solute as a second retentate.