Abstract: A method of operating a redox flow battery string including at least first and second redox flow batteries and an outside power source includes: providing a least first and second redox flow batteries in a string electrically connected in a string, and each redox flow battery having a state-or-charge (SOC); obtaining an SOC value for each redox flow battery in the string; identifying a target SOC value in the string; and adjusting the SOC value for at least one of the first and second redox flow batteries to correspond to the target SOC value.

Abstract: A method of operating a redox flow battery string including at least first and second redox flow batteries and an outside power source includes: providing a least first and second redox flow batteries in a string electrically connected in a string, and each redox flow battery having a state-or-charge (SOC); obtaining an SOC value for each redox flow battery in the string; identifying a target SOC value in the string; and adjusting the SOC value for at least one of the first and second redox flow batteries to correspond to the target SOC value.

Abstract: A method of operating a redox flow battery string including at least first and second redox flow batteries and an outside power source includes: providing a least first and second redox flow batteries in a string electrically connected in a string, and each redox flow battery having a state-or-charge (SOC) and an electrical load, wherein the electrical load for at least one of the first and second redox flow batteries in the string is powered by the outside power source; obtaining an SOC value for each redox flow battery in the string; identifying a target SOC value in the string; and adjusting the SOC value for at least one of the first and second redox flow batteries to correspond to the target SOC value by using a portion of stored energy in the at least one first or second redox flow battery to supply power to the electrical load.

Abstract: A method of operating a redox flow battery string including at least first and second redox flow batteries and an outside power source includes: providing a least first and second redox flow batteries in a string electrically connected in a string, and each redox flow battery having a state-or-charge (SOC) and an electrical load, wherein the electrical load for at least one of the first and second redox flow batteries in the string is powered by the outside power source; obtaining an SOC value for each redox flow battery in the string; identifying a target SOC value in the string; and adjusting the SOC value for at least one of the first and second redox flow batteries to correspond to the target SOC value by using a portion of stored energy in the at least one first or second redox flow battery to supply power to the electrical load.

Abstract: A method of operating a redox flow battery includes: providing a redox flow battery configurable to be in off and on states and to be in an islanded state , the redox flow battery including an electrochemical cell in fluid communication with anolyte and catholyte storage tanks, wherein a portion of the anolyte and a portion of the catholyte is contained in the electrochemical cell, and wherein the redox flow battery is at least partially charged; identifying the redox flow battery to be in an off and islanded state; maintaining stored energy in the electrolyte in the electrochemical cell when the redox flow battery is in the off and islanded state; and using the energy stored in the electrolyte in the electrochemical cell to start the redox flow battery and enter the on state.

Abstract: A battery management system is configured to, in an island mode, cause a frequency adjustment (e.g., by 3 Hz) to voltage in the power system based on a state of charge. The frequency adjustment signals assets (e.g., loads, generators, energy storage devices) electrically coupled to a battery system to reduce or increase power. If the state of charge is below a threshold value, the frequency adjustment may signal a load to be decreased, power generation of a generator to be increased, or power output of an energy storage device to be increased. If the state of charge is above a threshold value, the frequency adjustment may signal a load to be maintained or increased, power generation of a generator to be decreased, or power output of an energy storage device to be decreased. The frequency adjustment may be calculated automatically as a function of the state of charge.

Abstract: A system for pulse charging a battery includes a battery module, an inverter, and a pulse apparatus connected to the inverter and the battery module and configured to pulse charge the battery module by modulating a power output from the inverter. A method of pulse charging a battery module includes the steps of converting AC power output from a power grid to constant DC power, modulating the constant DC power to produce modulated power, and providing the modulated power to the battery module to pulse charge the battery module.

Abstract: An electrochemical system, such as a flow battery, includes a vessel. The vessel contains at least one cell that includes a first electrode, a second electrode and a reaction zone between the first and second electrodes. The vessel also contains a flow circuit configured to deliver a fluid comprising a liquefied halogen reactant and at least one metal halide electrolyte to the at least one cell, and at least one sensor configured to measure a property of the electrochemical system indicative of a state of charge (SOC) of the electrochemical system.

Abstract: A concentration sensor assembly for measuring a concentration of a aqueous hydrocarbon fuel to be supplied to a fuel cell stack, the assembly including a membrane electrode assembly having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte membrane located between the anode and the cathode; a first monopolar flow field plate provided near the anode; a second monopolar flow field plate provided near the cathode; and a liquid gas separator.

Abstract: The present invention involves systems and methods of linking a unique identifier with a package identifier to provide confirmation of the delivery of the package to a certain location or individual. The unique identifier may be associated with a location or an individual. In one embodiment, it is a barcode and the package identifiers are barcodes as well. The barcodes are scanned by a service provider using a hand-held data acquisition and storage device thereby linking the unique identifier to the package identifiers. The information is transferred from the hand-held device to a database where it is used to compile reports for and provide information to the service provider, the shipper, and the recipient of the packages. The invention may be incorporated into an inventory management system such that when confirmation of actual delivery has been received, the recipient will release payment to its vendors.