Abstract: Synthetic filaments composed of homopolymers and copolymers of poly(alkylene oxalates) are absorbable in animal tissue with minimal adverse tissue reaction. Polymers prepared by reacting a dialkyl oxalate with an alkylene diol are melt spun and drawn to obtain oriented fibers having good tensile properties and a high level of flexibility and softness. The filaments are particularly useful in the preparation of surgical prosthesis comprising woven or knitted fabrics and meshes. Other absorbable surgical devices including films and molded items may also be prepared from the disclosed polymer.