Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acids or salts thereof, comprising a step in which a metallalactone is reacted in a solvent in the presence of a halide; to a composition that comprises ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acids or salts thereof and halide ions; and to the use of said composition for the production of superabsorbent materials or as a monomer composition for producing polymers.

Abstract: The invention relates to the synthesis of tetraphenol-substituted structures, in particular meta-substituted xylenes. Said tetraphenol-type structures are reacted to obtain organic phosphorus compounds, in particular organophosphites. The invention further relates to the production of catalytically active compositions which contain transition metals in addition to the aforementioned organic phosphorus compounds. According to another subject matter of the invention, said catalytically active compositions are used in chemical reactions with small molecules, e.g. HCN, CO, hydrogen, and amines.

Abstract: The present invention relates to POSS-modified ligands and to the use thereof in catalytically effective compositions in hydroformylation.

Abstract: The invention relates to the synthesis of tetraphenol-substituted structures, in particular meta-substituted xylenes. Said tetraphenol-type structures are reacted to obtain organic phosphorus compounds, in particular organophosphites. The invention further relates to the production of catalytically active compositions which contain transition metals in addition to the aforementioned organic phosphorus compounds. According to another subject matter of the invention, said catalytically active compositions are used in chemical reactions with small molecules, e.g. HCN, CO, hydrogen, and amines.

Abstract: Pnicogen chelate compounds which have two pnicogen-containing groups joined to one another via a xanthene-like or triptycene-like molecular skeleton and in which at least one pyrrole group is covalently bound via its nitrogen atom to each pnicogen atom form complexes with metals of transition group VIII which are useful as catalysts for the hydroformylation of olefins.

Abstract: In a process for the hydroformylation of ethylenically unsaturated compounds, at least one complex of a metal of transition group VIII. with at least one phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compound as ligand is used as hydroformylation catalyst, where the compound used as ligand in each case comprises two groups which comprise a P, As or Sb atom and at least two further hetero atoms and are bound to a xanthene-like molecular framework. New compounds of this type and catalysts which comprise at least one complex of a metal of transition group VIII. with at least one such compound as ligand are also provided.

Abstract: Pnicogen chelate compounds which have two pnicogen-containing groups joined to one another via a xanthene-like or triptycene-like molecular skeleton and in which at least one pyrrole group is covalently bound via its nitrogen atom to each pnicogen atom form complexes with metals of transition group VIII which are useful as catalysts for the hydroformylation of olefins.

Abstract: Ethylenically unsaturated compounds are hydroformylated in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst comprising at least one complex of a metal of transition group VIII with at least one phosphorus-containing compound as ligand, where this compound contains two groups which contain P atoms and are bound to a molecular skeleton derived from bisphenol A.

Abstract: In a process for the hydroformylation of ethylenically unsaturated compounds, at least one complex of a metal of transition group VIII. with at least one phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compound as ligand is used as hydroformylation catalyst, where the compound used as ligand in each case comprises two groups which comprise a P, As or Sb atom and at least two further hetero atoms and are bound to a xanthene-like molecular framework. New compounds of this type and catalysts which comprise at least one complex of a metal of transition group VIII. with at least one such compound as ligand are also provided.

Abstract: Ethylenically unsaturated compounds are hydroformylated in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst comprising at least one complex of a metal of transition group VIII with at least one phosphorus-containing compound as ligand, where this compound contains two groups which contain P atoms and are bound to a molecular skeleton derived from bisphenol A.

Abstract: A method in which a valve part consisting of a valve seat body and a support body with injection holes is pushed into a longitudinal orifice of a housing and firmly connected to a wall of the housing with the insertion depth determining the presetting of a valve needle lift. The precise setting of the valve needle life is made on a fully assembled valve by deforming the valve part between fixing areas of the support body. The method of manufacture of the injection valve is particularly suitable for fuel injection units of mixture compressing engines with externally supplied ignition.

Abstract: In electromagnetically actuatable valves, an adjusting sleeve is pressed into the flow bore of a core in order to adjust the spring force of a restoring spring. Because the known adjusting sleeves, for instance having two beads, have a sharp-edged embodiment in the region toward the flow bore, chips can be produced when they are pressed into the flow bore. The novel adjusting has a transitional region on its circumference, between the at least one bead and an end segment oriented toward the valve closing body; at least one rounded portion is provided between the transitional region and the adjacent bead. Thus when the adjusting sleeve is pressed into the flow bore of the core, chip formation at the adjusting sleeve and flow bore is prevented. The adjusting sleeve is particularly suitable for injection valves of fuel injection systems of mixture-compressing internal combustion engines with externally supplied ignition.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve and method in which a valve part consisting of a valve seat body and a support body with injection holes is pushed into a longitudinal orifice of a housing and firmly connected to a wall of the housing with the insertion depth determining the presetting of a valve needle lift. The precise setting of the valve needle lift is made on a fully assembled valve by deforming the valve part between fixing areas of the support body. The injection valve and the method of manufacture of the injection valve are particularly suitable for fuel injection units of mixture compressing engines with externally supplied ignition.

Abstract: An electromagnetically operable valve having a core on which a magnet coil is arranged, an armature which acts on a valve closing body by means of a connecting pipe, in which the components to be welded together include a reduced diameter portion in which welding of the parts is by a laser in the reduced diameter portions.

Abstract: In electromagnetically actuatable valves having a core, surrounded by a magnet coil, and an armature that acts upon a valve closing body by means of a connecting tube, the connection between the connecting tube and the hard valve closing body is embodied by first providing the metallically harder closing body with a first spot weld, and after that this first spot weld is welded to the metallically softer connecting tube by means of a second spot weld, until the at least partly encompassing weld seam is formed between the valve closing body and the connecting tube, the weld seam assuring a safe and reliable connection. This embodiment of the valve is particularly well suited for injection valves of fuel injection systems.

Abstract: Instead of a measuring chamber with a fixed volume, the present chamber is formed as a cylinder (12) with a piston (3) movable therein. The piston is pressed against the fibre sample (29) with constant compression force, and the respective volume of the measuring chamber is determined individually from the final position of the piston. Then an air stream is conducted through the fibre plug, the effect of the air stream together with the volume of the chamber allowing conclusions to be drawn regarding the fibre fineness. The displaceable piston ensures constant sealing of the fibre sample and makes precise metering of the fibre sample superfluous.

Abstract: An arrangement for piling a bulky material of different grain sizes has one central and two lateral passages, a guiding element located upstream of the passages and arranged to guide a flow of a bulky material toward the lateral passages, and grate elements located between the guiding element and a respective one of the passages and arranged so that the fine portion of the material passes through each of the grate elements into a respective one of the lateral passages, whereas the coarse grain portion of the material is guided over the grate elements so as to pass into the central passage.

Abstract: A flow meter for metering the air quantity aspirated by an internal combustion engine including a metering valve element constructed as a box-like cylindrical segment pivotably mounted in a flow tube of the engine. The valve element has a radial transverse wall oriented transversely relative to the direction of the air stream in the flow tube, side walls oriented parallel relative to the direction of the air stream and a curved cylinder wall connected to the radial transverse wall and the side walls. The transverse, side and curved cylinder walls define a recess which opens in a direction opposing the direction of the air stream. The flow meter thus constructed possesses the advantage of producing a nearly linear characteristic curve.