Abstract: A plasma burner comprises an electrode holder which carries a tubular outer electrode and a coaxially arranged central electrode, and an electrical current supply source, which can be coupled via current feeders to the outer and central electrodes respectively. Also a device is provided for feeding gas into the region of the electrodes, between which an arc is produced for plasma formation. The tubular outer electrode has a first cooled, arc-inactive tube section, consisting of electrically conductive metal, and an adjoining second arc-active uncooled tube section, which consists of heat-resistant and electrically conductive material, and which is releasably connected to the first tube section. The arc passes between the second tube section and the neighboring arc-active section of the coaxial central electrode.

Abstract: Temperature-resistant materials as protective coat for the metal shaft of combination electrodes for the electric steel production, constituting a compound material comprising a carbon share, which contains graphitic structural elements, and a share with at least one ceramic component. The protective elements, which are made of these materials, are characterized by long service times, little susceptibility to unwanted adhesive matter, and good emergency running properties.

Abstract: A direct current arc furnace has at least one anode movable into the furnace interior and at least one cathode also movable from above into the furnace interior, between which cathode and the inserted material or the melt an arc is produced. The anode contains a cooling system in its interior having a controller which cools at least the immersion region of the anode to a temperature which is lower than the temperature of the melt.This furnace device and the anode are utilized in methods for melting and heating of materials with advantage, at least the immersion region of the anode being maintained at a temperature which lies below the temperature of the melt.

Abstract: In an electrode for electric arc furnaces, having a water-cooled metallic electrode holder and a consumable section connected to the electrode holder by means of a threaded nipple, the electrode holder having a protective jacket made up of rings. A disc positioned between the consumble section and the electrode holder which, in the event of a fracture of the consumable section, remains attached to the electrode holder for protection against electric arc strike.

Abstract: An arc electrode assembly comprises a water-cooled metal shaft and a consumable active portion, being interconnected by means of a screw nipple. The metal shaft is surrounded below its clamping area by a protective jacket being detachably arranged about the metal shaft. Between the jacket and the metal shaft a layer of electrically insulating refractory material is arranged which is cooled by the cooling system of the jacket. The protective jacket comprises at least one steel tube which is provided for the passage of a cooling medium. The steel pipe(s) may additionally be surrounded by refractory or slag material or may directly be embedded into such material.

Abstract: To provide an axially variable means of fixation, an electrode for electric arc furnaces is held via a spacing means comprising radially movable contact elements and metallic spacers. The contact elements may be pressed radially inwards against the electrode by means of clamping jaws, thus constituting a solid mechanical and electrical contact between the electrode clamp and the electrode proper.

Abstract: An electrode for electric arc furnaces, comprising an upper, metallic, water-cooled section and a lower section of consumable material, such as graphite, is held in its given position by means of an electrode support arm 1,2. The connection elements for electric power and liquid coolant 12, 6, 25 are integrated in the electrode support arm and are designed as plug connections.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrode for arc furnaces, especially for electrosteel production, comprising a metallic liquid-cooled upper shaft (1) and an exchangeable lower active portion (2) of self-consuming material, particularly graphite, whereby a securing means is provided which is electrically insulated against the current-conducting components (11) of the shaft (1) and said securing means detachably connects the shaft (1) with the active portion (2) as well as holding the contact surfaces of the active portion (23) pressed against the contact surfaces (14) of the current-conducting components (11) of said shaft.

Abstract: An electrode holder for arc furnace electrodes having a cooled metal shaft at least partially surrounded by a protective jacket of hollow cylinder configuration, generally moldings resistant to elevated temperatures. The protective jacket can surround and protect portions of the electrode holder positioned within the furnace or portions of the electrode holder in a zone engaged by clamping jaws. The protective jacket consists of individual moldings configured to provide generally ring shapes which may be put together to form rings, and coherently surrounding the metal shaft.

Abstract: The application is drawn to an electrode made of a number of elongated elements which are plates, rods or tubes. The elements are composed of inorganic conductive fibers embedded in a solid, electrochemically active material. The fibers are oriented in the direction of current flow.

Abstract: An axially movable electrode holder of metal, particularly copper or copper base alloy, for active parts of consumable or slowly consumable material, which are attachable by means a threaded nipple or a similar means. The electrode holder comprises a cooling unit with a supply and a return duct, and has at least partly, preferably its lower region, a protective coating and a contact arrangement on its sheath area by which the electrode holder may be connected to a current supply. The electrode holder further comprises a number of removably mounted electrical and/or mechanical contact moldings of pressure-resistant material extending over a length of the electrode holder which corresponds too at least a part of the length of an allowable tip consumption. The electrode holder, which is intended for use in the electric steel production, is characterized by a high reliability in service, good maneuverability, and good electrical properties.

Abstract: An anode for electrochemical processes comprises a basis metal and a new electrochemical active substance for the cover layer, which substance is thallium palladate having the formula TlPd.sub.3 O.sub.4.

Abstract: A frequency spectrum with center frequency and lower, discrete side bands is derived from a microwave generator and fed to a cavity resonator of the reflector type so that a reflected component can be coupled out varying at an amplitude which represents the deviation of the spectrum center frequency from the cavity resonance frequency. The variable signal is used to control the microwave frequency generation. An invariable component, also coupled out, is indicative of the concentration of a gas having an absorption line at the resonance frequency.

Abstract: A protective cover layer is provided for the basis metal of an electrolytic anode, particularly for anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic soda. The cover layer comprises a non-stoichiometric compound having the empirical formula:M.sub.n Pt.sub.3 O.sub.4where M is lithium, sodium, potassium, silver, or copper and n is a number in the range of about 0.4 to 0.6.

Abstract: A metal electrode with an active cover layer for electrochemical purposes which cover layer includes metal platinates, metal palladates, or the like, and metal palladates and comprises, as embedding substances compounds of the type Ba (M.sub.x Ti.sub.1.sub.-x)O.sub.3 where M is a platinum metal. The latter may be used alone or in combination with other additives and does not impair on the one hand the effectiveness of the active materials and is on the other hand, when exposed to an electrolytic bath, location in chemically resistant without showing complete inactivity and, thus, increase the current yield of the anode.

Abstract: Preparation and use of a new electrochemical active substance for the cover layer of metal anodes, which substance is thallium palladate and is obtained as a cardinal-red compound, which is cubic-face-centered, sufficiently characterized in pure crystalline form and, thus, constitutes a new electrochemical active substance for the cover layer of metal anodes.

Abstract: A metal anode for electrochemical processes, particularly for electrolytic processes, is provided with a metal resistant to the electrolysis medium and with an active cover layer applied thereon and comprising crystalline structures of the type Me.sub.A (I).sub.approx. 0.4 Me.sub.B (I).sub.approx. 0.1 Pt.sub.3 O.sub.4, with Me.sub.A representing Li, Na, K, and Me.sub.B representing Tl and Ag.

Abstract: A method of making special cokes according to which a mixture of from 50-90% by weight of an atmospheric distillation residue of a petroleum, e.g. a Pannonian petroleum, with a density of from 0.935-0.965 grams per cubic centimeter, a viscosity of from 2.8.degree.-4.3.degree. Engler at 100.degree.C, a sulfur content of from 0.85-1.10%, a coke value according to Conradson of from 5-7 %, an aromatics content of from 40-60%, an asphalt content below 1.8% with a boiling component of less than 20% within the temperature range of from 250.degree.-350.degree.C, and a content in ash forming elements of less than 0.05% is coked together with from 10-50% by weight of a catalyst-free catalytic residue obtained by catalytic cracking of a distillate low in ashes, e.g. gas oil, which last mentioned residue has a density of from 0.90-0.95 grams per cubic centimeter, a viscosity of from 2.5.degree.-3.2.degree. Engler at 50.degree.C, a sulfur content less than 0.6%, a coke value according to Conradson of from 3.5-4.