Abstract: A scale agitator for tank type liquid heaters employs a flexible non-cathodic tube through which liquid can flow. The liquid can be obtained from the tank or the supply of makeup liquid to be heated can be used. The tube may be fastened to a clean-out cover mounted to the exterior of the tank so that the tube can be inserted into and removed from the tank through the opening behind the clean-out cover.

Abstract: An improved combustion element for a radiant energy burner. The element comprises a generally cylindrical metal screen having its outer end closed off by an end closure, while the inner end is connected to a source of gaseous fuel. Strands of ceramic material are braided directly on the outer surface of the screen to form a braided sleeve which is snugly fitted over the entire periphery of the screen.

Abstract: A water heater having improved efficiency. The water heater includes a tubular member that is mounted in an opening in the side of the tank and extends horizontally across the lower portion of the tank. The tubular member defines a combustion chamber. An elongated burner is positioned within the combustion chamber and includes an inner metal support screen and an outer layer of woven ceramic fabric. A fuel-air mixture is supplied to the interior of the burner and the fuel is ignited on the outer surface of the burner with heat being transferred to the water in the tank. The waste gases of combustion are discharged from the inner end of the tubular member and are directed into a series of heat exchange tubes which are positioned beneath the combustion chamber. The hot waste gases passing through the tubes act to transfer further heat to the water in the tank. The outer ends of the tubes extend through the wall of the tank and communicate with a collector which is connected to a flue.

Abstract: A radiant energy burner having a combustion element composed of a generally cylindrical foraminous metal support or screen, and a woven fabric formed of substantially continuous ceramic fibers is disposed on the outer surface of the support. The end portions of the fabric are connected to the support while the portion of the fabric located between the connected end portions is free of attachment to the support. A blower is used to supply a gaseous fuel mixture through the support and fabric and an igniter is located on the outer surface of the fabric to ignite the fuel mixture on the outer surface of the fabric.