Abstract: System is a pipe joint restraint for restraining two coupled pipe ends or a pipe end and at least one fitting. The system is used in conjunction with a hubless coupling designed for drainage and sewer pipes of no pressure or low pressure. At least two adjustable circumferential bands with an abrasive grit material adhesively attached to the interior contact portion of the bands are situated one on each side of the hubless coupling; and are fixedly joined by a plurality of spread restrictor braces. The spread restrictor braces contain 45-degree upward bends to create a space between the adjustable circumferential bands and the pipe for the coupling, which serve to prevent separation of the pipe connection under pressure conditions. The pipe joint restraint assembly may be tightened by a fastener assembly containing fully threaded bolts, a barrel nut, and a trunnion.

Abstract: Disclosed is method for separating solute from an aqueous solution comprising providing a first aqueous solution substantially saturated with solute, contacting the first aqueous solution with a clathrate former under conditions sufficient to form clathrates and to precipitate the solute from the first aqueous solution, separating solute from the clathrates by removing a first stream comprising clathrates and solute, and removing a second stream comprising solute, decomposing the clathrates into the clathrate former and a second aqueous solution, the second aqueous solution comprising solute in a concentration less than the concentration of solute in the first aqueous solution, and recycling the second aqueous solution by contacting said solution with a source for the solute to form a third substantially saturated aqueous solution for use as, or in combination with, the first aqueous solution, wherein the method is continuous.

Abstract: Disclosed is method for separating solute from an aqueous solution comprising providing a first aqueous solution substantially saturated with solute, contacting the first aqueous solution with a clathrate former under conditions sufficient to form clathrates and to precipitate the solute from the first aqueous solution, separating solute from the clathrates by removing a first stream comprising clathrates and solute, and removing a second stream comprising solute, decomposing the clathrates into the clathrate former and a second aqueous solution, the second aqueous solution comprising solute in a concentration less than the concentration of solute in the first aqueous solution, and recycling the second aqueous solution by contacting said solution with a source for the solute to form a third substantially saturated aqueous solution for use as, or in combination with, the first aqueous solution, wherein the method is continuous.