Abstract: A method for determining the tractive effort required at the wheels of a vehicle for a given set of operating parameters by taking into account a plurality of variables which affect vehicle performance. A total grade effort value is determined which represents the force required to move the vehicle due to the grade of the surface on which the vehicle is expected to travel. An approximate total rolling effort value is also determined which is representative of the force required to move the vehicles due to the hysteresis of the vehicle's tires. Lastly, an aerodynamic influence factor is determined which represents the total air resistance of the vehicle and any implement such as a trailer being towed by the vehicle. These factors are summed to produce a tractive effort value representative of the total tractive effort that would be required to move the vehicle at a designated speed.

Abstract: A heat shield is made by stacking a wrapper member made from sheet metal, a flexible ceramic fiber insulation member, and an outer member made from sheet material, and then bending over flanges which extend from the wrapper member. The stacked elements are then bent into the desired shape. To make a heat shield for spark plugs, a support member is also included in the stack and provides mounting legs for mounting the heat shield. To make a heat shield for a transmission unit, mounting hardware is connected to the stack with rivets.

Abstract: A heat shield is made by stacking a wrapper member made from sheet metal, a flexible ceramic fiber insulation member, and an outer member made from sheet material, and then bending over flanges which extend from the wrapper member. The stacked elements are then bent into the desired shape. To make a heat shield for spark plugs, a support member is also included in the stack and provides mounting legs for mounting the heat shield. To make a heat shield for a transmission unit, mounting hardware is connected to the stack with rivets.