Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for replenishing metal ions in an electrolyte depleted of the metal ions. A preferred example is replenishing tin in the electrolyte of an electrolytic tinning apparatus having an insoluble anode. The electrolyte thus becomes depleted of tin in the electrotinning process. The replenishment apparatus comprises an electrolytic cell including a tin anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte chamber for the tin anode and the cathode. The cathode is a gas diffusion electrode. An electrical circuit, usually having additional circuit resistance but free of connection to an external power source, connects the anode to the cathode. The electrolyte chamber has an electrolyte inlet, and an electrolyte outlet which is in flow communication with the electrolytic tinning apparatus. The gas diffusion electrode is exposed, on its gas side, to a source of gaseous reactant, e.g., oxygen.

Abstract: A plate heat exchanger assembly is provided having an anodic protection system comprising a plate heat exchanger frame, a plurality of heat exchanger plates mounted to the frame and means for selectively applying a voltage across the plates whereby during operation of the plate heat exchanger assembly biofouling and scaling is inhibited. The plurality of heat exchanger plates are mounted to the frame to define a plurality of heat exchange chambers for heat communication between a first and second process fluid being transmitted through the assembly. An insulating contact coating at points of electrically conductive contact between adjacent plates of the heat exchange chambers is provided such that the chambers comprise electrolytic chambers means are provided for selectively applying a voltage across said adjacent plates. A method of applying the insulating contact coating to a heat exchanger plate is also disclosed.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), solid polymer electrolyte electrode, and method for forming from cationic exchange perfluorocarbon copolymer. Disclosed are solution techniques for forming SPE's and SPE electrodes using fluorocarbon vinyl ether copolymers.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), solid polymer electrolyte electrode, and method for forming from cationic exchange perfluorocarbon copolymer. Disclosed are solution techniques for forming SPE's and SPE electrodes using fluorocarbon vinyl ether copolymers.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), solid polymer electrolyte electrode, and method for forming from cationic exchange perfluorocarbon copolymer. Disclosed are solution techniques for forming SPEs and SPE electrodes using fluorocarbon vinyl ether copolymers.

Abstract: An alkali metal carbonate substantially free of alkali metal chloride is efficiently produced by electrolyzing an alkali metal chloride in an electrolytic cell having anolyte and catholyte compartments separated by a cation-exchange hydraulically impermeable membrane comprised of a thin film of a fluorinated polymer having pendant carboxylic acid or alkali metal carboxylate groups and a cathode spaced apart from the membrane, injecting into the catholyte compartment of the cell carbon dioxide in a quantity sufficient to convert substantially all the alkali metal hydroxide forming therein to the alkali metal carbonate salt, and utilizing a magnitude of electrolyzing current that reduces alkali metal chloride in the catholyte solids to less than 400 ppm.

Abstract: An alkali metal carbonate substantially free of alkali metal chloride is efficiently produced by electrolyzing an alkali metal chloride in an electrolytic cell having anolyte and catholyte compartments separated by a cation-exchange hydraulically impermeable membrane comprised of a thin film of a fluorinated polymer having pendant sulfononate groups and a cathode spaced apart from the membrane, injecting into the catholyte compartment of the cell carbon dioxide in a quantity sufficient to convert substantially all of the alkali metal hydroxide forming therein to the alkali metal carbonate salt, and utilizing a magnitude of electrolyzing current that reduces alkali metal chloride in the carbonate salt to less than 400 ppm.