Abstract: A sub-pixel resolution system that overcomes these and other problems has a number of optical sensors. Each of the optical sensors has a field of view that overlaps a neighboring optical sensors field of view. A number of contrast enhancement circuits are coupled between each of the optical sensors. An induced current circuit is coupled to a group of the optical sensors.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for providing image primitives, such as edge polarity, edge magnitude, edge orientation, and edge displacement, and derivatives thereof, for an object are described. The data are obtained substantially simultaneously and processed in parallel such that multiple objects can be distinguished from one another in real time.

Abstract: A tire valve assembly is provided that includes a valve stem with external threads and a valve core which is placed in an axial passage in the valve stem. The valve stem is installed in a hole provided in a wheel rim using a locknut that secures the stem to the rim. The valve stem in particular has at least one flat surface for applying a hand tool to hold and to prevent the valve stem from rotating while the locknut is tightened.