Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to methods for measuring a characteristic of a substrate. In an embodiment, the method includes scanning over the substrate with a scanning probe microscope, the substrate having fins thereon, the scanning obtaining images showing respective fin top regions of the fins, the scanning probe microscope interacting with respective portions of sidewalls of the fins by a scanning probe oscillated during the scanning, selecting images obtained at a predetermined depth below the fin top regions to obtain a line edge profile of the fins, by a processor-based system, analyzing the line edge profile of the fins using power spectral density (PSD) method to obtain spatial frequency data of the line edge profile of the fins, and by the processor-based system, calculating line edge roughness of the fins based on the spatial frequency data.

Abstract: Field-configurable optical devices and methods are disclosed. In one example, a field-configurable optical device includes a housing defining an enclosure, an input port located at the housing, a pass-through port located at the housing, a plurality of output ports located at the housing, a splitter disposed within the enclosure, a plurality of couplers within the enclosure, each coupler including an input, a first output, and a second output. Each coupler has a power splitting ratio between the first output and the second output that is different from the other couplers. An input port fiber optic jumper assembly within the enclosure. A pass-through port fiber optic jumper assembly is within the enclosure. Moving the input port fiber optic jumper assembly and the pass-through port fiber optic jumper assembly from a first coupler to a second coupler of the plurality of couplers changes the power splitting ratio of the field-configurable optical device.

Abstract: A fiber optic assembly is provided including a body defining a fiber routing volume, a plurality of fiber optic components disposed in a front side of the body, and a plurality of optical filters disposed within the volume. The plurality of optical filters enable at least twenty four (24) dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channels.

Abstract: A method of detecting a ferroelectric signal from a ferroelectric film and a piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) apparatus are provided. The method includes following steps. An input waveform signal is applied to the ferroelectric film. An atomic force microscope probe scans over a surface of the ferroelectric film to measure a surface topography of the ferroelectric film. A deflection of the atomic force microscope probe is detected when the input waveform signal is applied to the ferroelectric film to generate a deflection signal. Spectrum data of the ferroelectric film based on the deflection signal is generated. The spectrum data of the ferroelectric film is analyzed to determine whether the spectrum data of the ferroelectric film is a ferroelectric signal or a non-ferroelectric signal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are wavelength-division multiplexing devices using different angles of incidence (AOIs) at the WDM filters to provide for variable placement and orientation of WDM filters and channel ports, thereby decreasing the device footprint and allowing for shorter overall optical signal paths to increase signal performance and reliability. Also disclosed are stacked WDM filters for increased signal isolation.

Abstract: In various embodiments, free-space optical collimator and multi-channel wavelength division multiplexers including free-space optical collimators are provided. In one embodiment, for example, a free-space optical collimator includes a base having a length, a generally flat bottom surface and a top surface. A groove is disposed along the top surface of the base extending through the length of the base. A lens is disposed within the groove of the base and a fiber optic pigtail is disposed generally adjacent to a focal point of the lens. The lens and fiber optic pigtail are aligned within the groove to reduce an off-angle offset of an optical light signal propagating through the free-space optical collimator. In other embodiments, a process of producing a free-space optical collimator is also provided.

Abstract: A fiber optic assembly is provided including a body defining a fiber routing volume, a plurality of fiber optic components disposed in a front side of the body, and a plurality of optical filters disposed within the volume. The plurality of optical filters enable at least twenty four (24) dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channels.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a method for preparing drug toxin PNU-159682 (morpholinyl anthracycline derivative) for antibody-conjugated drugs and intermediates involved in the preparation method. The preparation method of the present disclosure improves the stability, practicability and scalability of the process by introducing protecting groups and changing to reagents that are capable to amplify; the preparation method of the present disclosure minimizes the risk and operational difficulty during scale-up production; production and operation is simple and convenient.

Abstract: An optical system comprising: an optical assembly having a first optical surface and a rear optical surface, said optical assembly comprising at least three optical elements; an optical fiber comprising a core portion with a mode field diameter (MFD) expanded region optically coupled to the rear optical surface of the optical assembly, the optical fiber comprising a core region doped with chlorine in a concentration greater than 0.5 wt %, wherein the MFD expanded region is less than 5 cm in length, and has MFD at the fiber end coupled to the optical assembly that is a least 20% greater than the MFD at other end of the optical fiber; an optical signal source coupled to first optical surface of the optical assembly, such that the optical signal provided by the optical signal source is routed along an optical path formed by the optical assembly to the mode field diameter expanded region of said optical fiber.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are multi-layer wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) devices that include a first optical signal router to route first demultiplexed signals from a common layer to a first channel layer and a second optical signal router to route second demultiplexed signals from the common layer to a second channel layer.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to methods for measuring a characteristic of a substrate. In an embodiment, the method includes scanning over the substrate with a scanning probe microscope, the substrate having fins thereon, the scanning obtaining images showing respective fin top regions of the fins, the scanning probe microscope interacting with respective portions of sidewalls of the fins by a scanning probe oscillated during the scanning, selecting images obtained at a predetermined depth below the fin top regions to obtain a line edge profile of the fins, by a processor-based system, analyzing the line edge profile of the fins using power spectral density (PSD) method to obtain spatial frequency data of the line edge profile of the fins, and by the processor-based system, calculating line edge roughness of the fins based on the spatial frequency data.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to methods for measuring a characteristic of a substrate. In an embodiment, the method includes scanning over the substrate with a scanning probe microscope, the substrate having fins thereon, the scanning obtaining images showing respective fin top regions of the fins, the scanning probe microscope interacting with respective portions of sidewalls of the fins by a scanning probe oscillated during the scanning, selecting images obtained at a predetermined depth below the fin top regions to obtain a line edge profile of the fins, by a processor-based system, analyzing the line edge profile of the fins using power spectral density (PSD) method to obtain spatial frequency data of the line edge profile of the fins, and by the processor-based system, calculating line edge roughness of the fins based on the spatial frequency data.

Abstract: A method of detecting a ferroelectric signal from a ferroelectric film and a piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) apparatus are provided. The method includes following steps. An input waveform signal is applied to the ferroelectric film. An atomic force microscope probe scans over a surface of the ferroelectric film to measure a surface topography of the ferroelectric film. A deflection of the atomic force microscope probe is detected when the input waveform signal is applied to the ferroelectric film to generate a deflection signal. Spectrum data of the ferroelectric film based on the deflection signal is generated. The spectrum data of the ferroelectric film is analyzed to determine whether the spectrum data of the ferroelectric film is a ferroelectric signal or a non-ferroelectric signal.

Abstract: A method of detecting a ferroelectric signal from a ferroelectric film and a piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) apparatus are provided. The method includes following steps. An input waveform signal is generated, wherein the input waveform signal includes a plurality of read voltage steps with different voltage levels. The input waveform signal to the ferroelectric film is applied. An atomic force microscope probe scans over a surface of the ferroelectric film to measure a surface topography of the ferroelectric film. A deflection of the atomic force microscope probe is detected when the input waveform signal is applied to a pixel of the ferroelectric film to generate a deflection signal. Spectrum data of the pixel based on the deflection signal is generated. The spectrum data of the pixel is analyzed to determine whether the spectrum data of the pixel is a ferroelectric signal or a non-ferroelectric signal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a wavelength-division multiplexing device with a unified passband. In particular, disclosed is a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) device with at least a common port, a channel port, and a WDM filter. The common port is configured for optical communication of a multiplexed signal to the WDM filter. A demultiplexed signal of the multiplexed signal includes a first secondary demultiplexed signal within a first wavelength range and a second secondary demultiplexed signal within a second wavelength range, which are separated from each other by a third wavelength range. The first WDM filter has a single unified passband including the first wavelength range, the second wavelength range, and the third wavelength range, such that the first WDM filter is configured to pass the first secondary demultiplexed signal and the second secondary demultiplexed signal to the first channel port.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are wavelength-division multiplexing devices using different angles of incidence (AOIs) at the WDM filters to provide for variable placement and orientation of WDM filters and channel ports, thereby decreasing the device footprint and allowing for shorter overall optical signal paths to increase signal performance and reliability. Also disclosed are stacked WDM filters for increased signal isolation.

Abstract: A fiber optic assembly is provided including a body defining a fiber routing volume, a plurality of fiber optic components disposed in a front side of the body, and a plurality of optical filters disposed within the volume. The plurality of optical filters enable at least twenty four (24) dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channels.

Abstract: An optical system comprising: an optical assembly having a first optical surface and a rear optical surface, said optical assembly comprising at least three optical elements; an optical fiber comprising a core portion with a mode field diameter (MFD) expanded region optically coupled to the rear optical surface of the optical assembly, the optical fiber comprising a core region doped with chlorine in a concentration greater than 0.5 wt %, wherein the MFD expanded region is less than 5 cm in length, and has MFD at the fiber end coupled to the optical assembly that is a least 20% greater than the MFD at other end of the optical fiber; an optical signal source coupled to first optical surface of the optical assembly, such that the optical signal provided by the optical signal source is routed along an optical path formed by the optical assembly to the mode field diameter expanded region of said optical fiber.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are multi-layer wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) devices that include a first optical signal router to route first demultiplexed signals from a common layer to a first channel layer and a second optical signal router to route second demultiplexed signals from the common layer to a second channel layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a wavelength-division multiplexing device with a unified passband. In particular, disclosed is a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) device with at least a common port, a channel port, and a WDM filter. The common port is configured for optical communication of a multiplexed signal to the WDM filter. A demultiplexed signal of the multiplexed signal includes a first secondary demultiplexed signal within a first wavelength range and a second secondary demultiplexed signal within a second wavelength range, which are separated from each other by a third wavelength range. The first WDM filter has a single unified passband including the first wavelength range, the second wavelength range, and the third wavelength range, such that the first WDM filter is configured to pass the first secondary demultiplexed signal and the second secondary demultiplexed signal to the first channel port.