Abstract: Provided is a laser system. The laser system includes: a laser device providing a laser pulse; a pulse compressor decreasing a pulse width of the laser pulse; a pulse stretcher disposed between the compressor and the laser device and dispersing the laser pulse; and a filament portion disposed between the pulse stretcher and the pulse compressor, wherein the filament portion transmits the laser pulse to expand a spectrum of the laser pulse by using self focusing and a filament phenomenon of the laser pulse.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for generating a proton beam, which includes a laser system providing a laser pulse, a target generating a proton beam by using the laser pulse, and a phase conversion plate disposed between the laser system as a light source and the target to convert the laser pulse into a circularly polarized laser pulse having a spiral shape.

Abstract: Provided is a proton beam generation apparatus. The apparatus includes a laser system providing a laser pulse, a phase shift plate polarizing the laser pulse to be spirally radial to be transduced to be a spirally radial shape polarized laser pulse, and a target for generating a proton beam, generating a proton beam due to the spirally radial shape polarized laser pulse.

Abstract: Provided is an analysis apparatus for a high energy particle and an analysis method for a high energy particle. The analysis apparatus for the high energy particle includes a scintillator generating photons with each unique wavelength by the impinging with a plurality of kinds of accelerated high energy particles, a parallel beam converting unit making the photons proceed in parallel to one another, a diffraction grating panel making the photons proceeding in parallel to one another enter at a certain angle, and refracting the photons at different angles depending on each unique wavelength, and a plurality of sensing units arranged on positions where the photons refracted at different angles from the diffraction grating panel reach in a state of being spatially separated, and detecting each of the photons.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a solar cell comprising a heterogeneous redox couple comprising iodide and a pseudohalogen and a dye-sensitized solar cell including the electrolyte is provided.