Abstract: A method for monitoring a property of a polymeric mass such as a coating or film comprising the steps of adding a fluorescence probe compound capable of fluorescing to a polymeric composition which has the ability to undergo changes in microviscosity, the ratio of the intensity of the fluorescence emission of said compound at two wavelengths changing in response to said changes in said microviscosity of said composition; curing said composition; causing said compound to fluoresce; measuring the fluorescence of said compound; calculating the ratio of the intensities of fluorescence emission of said compound at two or more wavelengths; relating said ratio to the monitored property of said composition.

Abstract: A method for producing a three-dimensional object having selected elements which are colored a different color than the color of other elements of the object, comprising the steps of:a. providing a film of a photohardenable composition containing a photoresponsive agent,b. irradiating the film in a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed so as to form hardened areas in the film.c. selectively irradiating one or more portions of the cross-sectional pattern corresponding to the selected elements which are desired to be colored a different color than the color of other elements of the object with radiation which activates the photoresponsive agent, the photoresponsive agent thereby producing color in or removing color from the selectively irradiated portions of the cross-sectional pattern, the steps being performed with radiation of a different wavelength than the radiation used in performing step b,d. repeating steps a, b and c to form successive adjacent cross-sectional patterns of the object, ande.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel class of compounds which absorb light at wavelengths greater than 350 nm and are useful as fluorescers or as photoinitiators. The present invention provides compounds of the formulas (I) and (II) and their equivalents (the nomenclature of the compounds used herein is based on the numbering of positions as shown in formula (I)): ##STR1## where: when W is .dbd.O, W.sup.1 is hydrogen or --OR.sup.9 and when W is .dbd.NR.sup.+.sub.2, W is hydrogen or NR.sub.2.sup.+2, A is hydrogen, alkenyl, alkyl or an election withdrawing group, and the remaining groups are as defined in the disclosure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photooxidizable initiator composition comprising a fluorone initiator and a coinitiator which is capable of accepting an electron from the fluorone upon excitation of the fluorone by actinic radiation, wherein the composition produces free radicals which initiate free radical reactions; and photohardenable compositions which comprise a free radical polymerizable compound, a fluorone initiator and a coinitiator capable of accepting an electron from the fluorone upon exposure of the composition to actinic radiation, and producing free radicals which initiate free radical polymerization.

Abstract: A Photohardenable composition consisting essentially of a free radical polymerizable compound, an electron donating coinitiator, and a benzospiropyran, wherein the benzospiropyran undergoes ring opening to form a merocyanine upon exposure to a actinic radiation or heat and exposure to a second 296 radiation causes the composition to harden.

Abstract: A cationic dye-borate anion compound represented by the formula: ##STR1## where D+ is a cationic dye moiety selected from the group consisting of cationic cyanine, carbocyanine, hemicyanine, rhodamine, and azamethine dyes; R.sup.1 is alkyl; and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are aryl. Such cationic dye-borate anion compounds are useful photoinitiators of free radical addition reactions.

Abstract: A polymerizable composition and a method are disclosed. The composition includes a photopolymerizable monomer and a photoinitiator system for the monomer. The system, in one embodiment, is one wherein a ray of activating radiation which enters a body of the composition through a surface thereof activates the photoinitiator system and causes polymerization at each of a succession of points, the first such point being immediately adjacent the surface and subsequent points being successively farther from the surface in the direction of travel of the ray of activating radiation, the distance from the surface to the point of the succession farthest therefrom varying as a function of at least one of(a) the intensity of the activating radiation and(b) the time during which the activating radiation enters the body through the surface.

Abstract: A photohardenable composition comprising a free radical addition polymerizable or crosslinkable compound and an ionic dye-counter ion compound, said compound being capable of absorbing actinic radiation and producing free radicals which initiate free radical polymerization or crosslinking of said compound; and photosensitive materials incorporating the same.

Abstract: Polymers from ethylenically unsaturated monomers, cross-linked by a substituted divinylazobenzene are useful as pharmaceutical compositions for the delivery of medicaments. The polymers are degraded by the enzymes of the upper gastrointestinal tract or are transferred intact past the upper gastrointestinal tract, to deliver the medicament to the large intestine. In particular, the polymers contain divinylazobenzene compounds of the formulae ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (except that R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are not both H), Cl, Br, I, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, RO, ArO, COOH or salts thereof, COOR, COOAr, CHO, COR, SO.sub.3 H or salts thereof, R or Ar and wherein R is alkyl of up to 18 carbon atoms and Ar is mono- or bicyclic aryl of up to 15 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process for making three dimensional models is disclosed which is characterized in that a photohardenable composition is used which comprises a free radical addition polymerizable or crosslinkable compound and an ionic dye-counter ion compound, said compound being capable of absorbing actinic radiation and producing free radicals which initiate free radical polymerization or crosslinking of said compound.

Abstract: A photohardenable composition comprising a free radical addition polymerizable or crosslinkable compound and an ionic dye-counter ion compound, said compound being capable of absorbing actinic radiation and producing free radicals which initiate free radical polymerization or crosslinking of said compound; and photosensitive materials incorporating the same.

Abstract: Photooxidizable dye complexes of the formula (I):X.sup.-n [Y.sup.+ ].sub.n (I)where X is a xanthene dye and Y is gegen ion selected from sulfonium, phosphonium, iodonium, pyrylium, hydrazinium, and hydrazide ions; and n is 1 to 2; the complexes are useful as photoinitiators or in photobleachable imaging systems.

Abstract: A process for coating a substrate with an essentially colorless radiation curable composition which comprises coating said substrate with a visible light sensitive composition comprising a free radical addition polymerizable or crosslinkable material and a photobleachable ionic dye-counter ion compound capable of absorbing visible light and generating free radicals; exposing said composition to light to harden said composition; and bleaching said composition to an essentially colorless state, and photohardenable compositions containing photobleachable ionic dye-counter ion compounds as photoinitiators useful in the aforesaid process.

Abstract: A method for oxidizing a substrate which is oxidizable by singlet oxygen is discolded. The first step of the method comprises establishing a flow to and from each of a plurality of successive closed zones, each of which zones(a) contains a quantity of a polymer-bound photosensitizing catalyst that is a source for singlet oxygen when irradiated by light of a particular wavelength, and(b) is of such size and shape that a major portion of the catalyst therein can be made a source for singlet oxygen by irradiation with light of a suitable wavelength.The flow is established by charging the substrate in the liquid phase into the first zone, removing reaction product from the last zone, and transferring reaction product from the first zone and from each intermediate zone to the next succeeding zone. Oxygen is introduced into each of the zones and each is irradiated with light of a frequency which causes the catalyst to be a source for singlet oxygen.

Abstract: A photohardenable composition comprising a free radical addition polymerizable or crosslinkable compound and an ionic dye-counter ion compound, said compound being capable of absorbing actinic radiation and producing free radicals which initiate free radical polymerization or crosslinking of said compound; and photosensitive materials incorporating the same.

Abstract: Peresters of the formula: R.sub.1 Ar COOOR wherein R is an alkyl group; Ar is selected from the group including phenyl (unsubstituted or substituted) groups, naphthyl groups, anthryl groups, pyryl groups, phenanthryl groups, or heterocyclic groups; and R.sub.1 is any group absorbing radiation between 250 and 800 nm such that R.sub.1 produces an excited state of sufficient lifetime to cause the decomposition to free radicals of the appended perester or peroxidic function.

Abstract: A photohardenable composition comprising a free radical addition polymerizable or crosslinkable compound and an ionic dye-counter ion compound, said compound being capable of absorbing actinic radiation and producing free radicals which initiate free radical polymerization or crosslinking of said compound; and photosensitive materials incorporating the same.

Abstract: Polymers from ethylenically unsaturated monomers, cross-linked by a substituted or unsubstituted divinylazobenzene are useful as carriers or capsules for medicaments, which are degraded by the enzymes of the upper gastrointestinal tract or which must be transferred intact past the upper gastrointestinal tract, to deliver the medicament to the large intestine.Polymers containing monomeric units of the formulaH.sub.2 C.dbd.CH--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --N.dbd.N--M,wherein M is the residue of an amino-containing medicament, are useful as carriers for therapeutic agents or as therapeutic agents per se.

Abstract: A method for locking two surfaces relative to one another is disclosed. The surfaces can be gelatin, paper, glass, nylon, or other surfaces having hydroxyl or amine functionality. The method involves bringing the two surfaces together and irradiating the interface between the two with radiation at a wavelength which causes photopolymerization to occur to lock the surfaces relative to one another. The photopolymerization can be of a cross-linking monomer positioned between the two surfaces, can be of an acrylic monomer grafted to the two surfaces, or can be of a photoresist formed at the two surfaces; a photoinitiator is required in the first two cases.

Abstract: Peresters of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl group; and ##STR2## is a light-absorbing chromophore group; and use thereof as photoinitiators are provided.