Abstract: One or more localization markers are implanted in a patient's vessel to provide a virtual image of a portion of the vessel, provide a target for deploying a prosthesis, and/or facilitate post operative surveillance of a deployed prosthesis (e.g., to measure prosthesis migration and/or aneurysm elongation). In the case of providing a target or facilitating surveillance, one or more localization markers also can be provided on the prosthesis (e.g., the proximal end portion of the prosthesis) and the position of the prosthesis marker(s) monitored relative to the implanted marker(s). In another embodiment, one or more localization markers are provided adjacent to one opening of a tubular prosthesis to assist with cannulation of the opening. In one example, one or more localization markers are provided on the contralateral stump of a modular bifurcated stent-graft (e.g., to assist a surgeon with inserting a contralateral stent-graft into the contralateral stump of a modular bifurcated stent-graft).