Abstract: An integral forced circulation evaporator apparatus which comprises an evaporating chamber, providing therein a liquid space and a vapor space, a heating zone containing vertically disposed heat exchange tubes, and a liquid receiving chamber, said evaporating chamber being surmounted on said heating zone, in direct communication with the upper ends of said heat exchange tubes, said liquid receiving chamber being surmounted by said heating zone, in direct communication with the lower ends of said heat exchange tubes; pump means horizontally disposed within said liquid receiving chamber for the circulation of liquid through said evaporator apparatus, partition means disposed within said liquid receiving chamber so as to form, within said liquid receiving chamber, a first section containing the intake side of said pump means and a second section containing the discharge side of said pump means, said partition means further being positioned such that the lower ends of a portion of the heat exchange tubes are in d

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of chlorine dioxide and chlorine wherein an alkali metal chlorate and a strong acid selected from the group sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and mixtures thereof are circulated and reacted in an integral forced circulation crystallizing reaction evaporator comprising in vertical disposition:a. an upper crystallizing evaporation chamber having a substantially vertically disposed cylindrical partition which divides at least the lower portion of the reaction evaporation chamber into a first and second substantially concentric cylindrical sections;B. a heat exchange chamber, andC. a lower pump chamber, having a pump means disposed therein to provide forced circulation of fluids within the reaction evaporator.An aqueous slurry of alkali metal salt of the strong acid is withdrawn from the lower portion of the pump chamber and chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and water vapor are withdrawn from the evaporation chamber.

Abstract: A continuous integral forced circulation cooling crystallizer for the processing of fluids which comprises, in vertical disposition:A. an upper fluid holding chamber having an inlet and outlet for the fluid to be processed and having a partition means vertically disposed therein to provide an inlet section and an outlet section, the partition means being positioned so as to permit fluid flow between the sections at the lower region;B. a heat exchange chamber comprising a multiplicity of separate vertically disposed tubular elements a fluid inlet and outlet to permit the flow of a heat exchange fluid through the extra-tubular portion of the chamber, and a multiplicity of horizontally disposed baffles adapted to direct the flowof the heat exchange fluid through the extra-tubular portion of the heat exchange chamber; and flow ofC.