Abstract: Procedure for hydrogenation of coal by means of liquid phase and fixed-bed catalyst hydrogenation whereby the head products of the high-temperature separator are led directly, and together with the entire high-pressure circuit gas, over a reactor with a rigidly installed catalyst; are separated from the exhaust products of this reactor by partial condensation of the cycle oil required for producing the coal paste and withdrawn from an intermediate separator; and are led again, together with the entire high-pressure circuit gas, over an additional reactor with a fixed-bed catalyst.

Abstract: A practically isothermal temperature distribution of the reactor contents is obtained, especially for high temperature and pressurized hydrogenation reactors operating in the sump-phase by a hydrogenation gas passing over the outer region of the reaction chamber, so that the hydrogenation gas cools the reaction in the chamber. Additionally, the reaction heat which is extracted by the hydrogenation gas is used to heat the reaction components at a stage in the hydrogenation process. The major portion of the reaction heat is used to heat charges, preferably for the reactors, which charges contain no appreciable amounts of solid material. These charges, preferably comprising hydrogenation gas, preferably pass through a jacket space between the reaction chambers and the external portion of the reactors, which external portions preferably make contact with the atmosphere.

Abstract: The invention provides an improvement to a process for producing a diesel fuel from a medium heavy oil obtained from coal. The invention increases the amount of medium oil which can be used to produce diesel fuel while keeping the total yield of oil from the coal about the same. Thus, the fraction of the medium oil recovered is greater without altering the total yield of oil from the coal, and now amounts to about 80 to 85 percent of the total oil yield. Accordingly, the amount of light oil derived in this process becomes correspondingly smaller. Thus, the total oil yield is increased by about 4 to 6 percent compared with previously obtained results.

Abstract: A process for the production of reformer feed and heating or diesel oil from coal which comprises introducing a pulverized coal-oil slurry together with a hydrogenation gas into a liquid-phase hydrogenation stage; remoping solids-containing residue from the discharge from the liquid phase hydrogenation stage, cooling the resulting residue-free volatile coal-oil fraction from the discharge and, if necessary, removing a slurry oil fraction therefrom before feeding the volatile coal-oil fraction to a gas-phase hydrogenation stage; introducing fresh hydrogen which is substantially free of contaminants into the gas-phase hydrogenation stage together with the volatile coal-oil fraction, the fresh hydrogen introduced into the gas-phase hydrogenation stage constituting the entire amount of hydrogen required for the process; and utilizing the waste-gas from the gas-phase hydrogenation as the hydrogenation gas for the liquid-phase hydrogenation.

Abstract: Process for sump-phase hydrogenation with integrated gas-phase hydrogenation relevant parameters being adjusted so that an economical heat recovery for the entire system is achieved, despite increasing incrustation of the mash heat exchanger and the increasing deactivation of the gas-phase catalyst. The process-relevant temperatures of the intermediate precipitator and of the gas-phase reactor are precisely adjusted by the use of head coolers which follow the sump-phase hydrogenator, and by head coolers which precede the intermediate precipitator. The procedure is such that the waste heat from the sump-phase products is partially recovered by using it to heat the raw materials constituting the gas phase and by feeding it back again to the mash heater.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, during hydrogenation by means of sump phase hydrogenation followed by gas-phase hydrogenation, the high boiling fractions are separated from the lower boiling vapor fractions, after leaving the hot precipitation head, by partial condensation in an intermediate precipitator with the result that the gas-phase reactor has a better service life and optimum reaction conditions can be provided. The improved process results in an improved quality of solvent for the sump phase hydrogenation.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the utilization of waste water in a coal hydrogenation plant. The demand for processed water and the amount of water required in the hydrogenation of coal is reduced by the use of the resulting waste water from an atmospheric distiller and/or a vacuum distiller as quenching water in a cold precipitator stage of the coal hydrogenation process.

Abstract: The invention provides pressure protection for the interior casing of hydrogenation reactors by the use of a manifold interconnecting the annular chambers of the aforesaid reactors with the processed-gas vapor path whereby process-conditioned pressure changes generated during the reaction process are simultaneously balanced. As a result, the interior casings of the reactors which define the reaction vessel can be made of relatively thin material as compared to conventional reaction vessels.

Abstract: An untreated crude gas is passed through a heat emitting portion of an indirect heat exchanger and thereby cooled, and then passed to a scrubber and further cooled to a separation temperature lower than the boiling points of impurities, whereby the impurities are condensed and removed, thus forming a treated crude gas. A compressor subjects the treated crude gas to impact condensation, thus removing residual impurities. The treated crude gas is then passed through a heat absorbing portion of the heat exchanger and heated by the untreated crude gas to a temperature approximating the initial untreated crude gas inlet temperature.