Abstract: The invention relates to a device for scanning an object using a scanning beam which is directed into a rotating deflector and which is diverted onto the object at a controllable diversion angle using a diverting unit that is arranged in a moveable manner. The diversion angle of the diverting unit is adjusted according to the centrifugal force acting upon said diverting unit and according to the rotational speed of the deflector.

Abstract: A loss-of-ground protection circuit for an electronic relay including a control circuit driving a power transistor, and at least one cutoff transistor having a grounded control terminal, the cutoff transistor being interposed between the control circuit and a control terminal of the power transistor, and having a polarity such that loss of ground will cause the cutoff transistor to turn off.

Abstract: In order to reduce both a NO.sub.x component and a hydrocarbon component of exhaust gases of a diesel internal combustion engine, the fuel injection start-up is delayed in the presence of a catalyst for oxidation of the hydrocarbons. The catalyst is in the exhaust gas line of the engine, and an adjacent temperature sensor coordinates the injection start-up delay with a start-up temperature of the catalyst.

Abstract: In the embodiments of the invention described in the specification, a fuel injection pump for an internal combustion engine provides a delayed response to accelerator pedal depression for a selected time period including the time when the engine load passes through zero, thereby avoiding load shock changes. For this purpose, a throttle or bypass valve is provided which decreases the amount of fuel provided to the engine to the zero load fuel demand for the selected time period.

Abstract: A method of eliminating solid particles contained in exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine having an exhaust line and fuel feed means with a maximum suppliable fuel flow, the method comprising the steps of providing a filter in the exhaust line for collecting the solid particles, regenerating the filter by burning off the solid particles collected, and limiting the maximum fuel flow of the fuel feed means during the regenerating step to an amount which results in a residual oxygen content in the exhaust sufficient to ensure complete combustion of the solid particles.

Abstract: An injection nozzle for an air-compressing direct injection internal combustion engine which has a combustion chamber in the shape of a body of revolution in the piston head or in the cylinder head, and in which a rotary air movement occurs in the combustion chamber about its longitudinal axis while a portion of the injected liquid fuel is being deposited as a thin film on the wall of the combustion chamber. The injection nozzle has a slot-shaped discharge opening which is so located with regard to the combustion chamber that the fuel spray emitted through this discharge opening, when viewed over its entire width, at nearly the same time impinges upon the combustion chamber wall and spreads thereon in the form of a wide surface film, the cross section of the discharge opening corresponding to the cross section of a one-bore injection nozzle customarily employed for the mixture formation and combustion method under the same conditions.

Abstract: A fuel injector, for internal combustion engines, having a nozzle needle supported in a nozzle body so as to be axially displaceable therein. The nozzle needle, which can be lifted off its valve seat by the pressure of fuel, has a throttling pin which, at least during part of its lift, projects below the valve seat into a bore centrally arranged in the nozzle body. The throttling pin has at least one control edge or flat portion which is shaped and oriented in such a way that the fuel spray direction and/or the fuel spray characteristic or pattern vary with the nozzle needle lift.

Abstract: A fuel injector for internal combustion engines. The fuel injector is of the pin type and is provided with a nozzle needle which is axially displaceably mounted in a nozzle body and is adapted to be lifted off its valve seat in response to fuel pressure. A throttling pin of the nozzle needle extends below the valve seat into a nozzle bore which is arranged coaxial to the longitudinal axis of the injector. The nozzle bore is provided with a gap eccentrically arranged at one point or over part of the periphery of the nozzle bore.

Abstract: A fuel injector for internal combustion engines. The fuel injector comprises a nozzle needle which is axially displaceably arranged in a nozzle body and is adapted to be lifted off its conical valve seat in response to fuel pressure. A pin of the nozzle needle extends below the valve seat into a cavity provided in the nozzle body. In the nozzle body, below the cavity, there is provided a blind hole having a diameter smaller than that of the cavity. The pin extends into this blind hole when the fuel injector is closed or slightly opened, providing substantial sealing in a radial direction. At least one spray hole enters the blind hole eccentrically in such a way that a clearance is formed which communicates with the cavity.

Abstract: A fuel injector for internal combustion engines in which an axially slidable nozzle needle is provided which is capable of being lifted off its seat by the pressure of the fuel against the thrust of one or a plurality of springs and is formed with a pointed tip below the valve seat with at least one spray hole being provided in the nozzle body at an acute angle relative to the nozzle axis. The tip of the nozzle needle is shaped and enters the spray hole or injection bore in such a way that the free cross-sectional area at the injection bore is less than the free cross-sectional area at the seat in nearly all positions of the nozzle needle.

Abstract: A fuel injector for internal combustion engines having an axially slidable nozzle needle capable of being lifted off its sealing seat by pressure of fuel against at least one spring and having a control pintle below the sealing seat sliding in a blind-hole recess is provided with the improvement comprising a cavity starting immediately below the sealing seat and formed as an eccentric widening extending parallel to the blind-hole type recess, said spray holes opening into said blind-hole type recess and the cross sectional areas of the nozzle seat gap and the cavity at each position of the needle nozzle are greater than the cross sectional area of the at least one spray hole uncovered at any time by the movement of the control pintle.

Abstract: A process for contacting two counterflowing immiscible liquid phases in a column in which perforated plates define mixing zones and separating zones and in which each mixing zone receives a heavy-liquid phase entering through perforations from above and a light-liquid phase entering through perforations from below and a dispersion formed by the two liquid phases in each mixing zone is transferred from the latter into a juxtaposed separating zone from which the heavy-liquid phase is withdrawn downwardly through perforations and the light-liquid phase is withdrawn upwardly through perforations. The dispersion is contacted in the separating zones with a filling of a material which accelerates coalescence.

Abstract: A process for liquid-liquid counterflow extraction based on the mixer-separator principle is disclosed. A dispersion of two liquid phases is fed to a separator and the clear phases are withdrawn therefrom. The dispersions to be separated are fed to the separator in two partial steams equal in rate of flow and flow through the separator in mutually opposite directions along respective paths each having a length equal to one-half of the diameter of the separator. Apparatus for carrying out the process includes inlets for the dispersion to be separated positioned at two opposite points of the periphery of the separator and outlets for the separated clear phases lying on the intervening diametral chord. The outlets and inlets can be reversed.