Abstract: Allergen exposure chambers (AECs) can be used to produce controlled exposure to allergenic and non-allergenic airborne particles but at present cannot be used for double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials currently required by regulatory authorities. Accordingly, inventive naturalistic exposure chambers (NECs) designed to mimic the environment(s) within which a typical user/individual is exposed are outlined. Further, reproducible controlled allergen dispersal is achieved via robotic allergen aerosolization systems (AAS) which provide automated movement of the allergen source within the AEC as well as structure for acquiring and/or aerosolizing—distributing the allergen. Robotic AAS can be used to acquire only, distribute only, or acquire and distribute. Robotic AAS may also provide aerosolization of two or more allergens in defined manner.

Abstract: A perpendicular axis turbine having at least two blades, wherein the blades are longitudinally offset with respect to one another, reducing the effects of blade-vortex interaction and providing increased power generation. In one embodiment, the blades are longitudinally offset such that the attachment point of one blade is halfway between the attachment points for the other blade.

Abstract: A perpendicular axis turbine having at least two blades, wherein the blades are longitudinally offset with respect to one another, reducing the effects of blade-vortex interaction and providing increased power generation. In one embodiment, the blades are longitudinally offset such that the attachment point of one blade is halfway between the attachment points for the other blade.

Abstract: A spacer, for disposition between a user's mouth and a medicament inhaler outlet, has a hollow body defining an elongate internal chamber (10) with a diffuser portion (8) having a spacer inlet (9) adapted to engage the inhaler outlet in communication with the internal chamber, the diffuser portion extending axially outwardly from the spacer inlet; a buffer portion (6) extending axially from the diffuser portion; and a nozzle portion (7) having a spacer outlet (5) adapted to engage the user's mouth in communication with the internal chamber, the nozzle portion extending axially inwardly from the buffer portion.