Abstract: A process for the granulation of precipitation products, formed from the reaction of ammonium compounds with alkaline-earth compounds, by introducing into the bottom of a reaction chamber an ammonium and alkaline-earth compound such that the alkaline-earth compound in aqueous solution is immediately and intimately mixed with the ammonium compound to form alkaline-earth compound precipitation products in the form of hard granules which are difficultly soluble in water. The alkaline-earth precipitation products are easily withdrawn from the bottom of the reaction chamber without forming a lime sludge which is difficult to remove.

Abstract: An apparatus for granulation of precipitation products, comprising a liquid-filled reaction chamber including a granulation chamber which receives aqueous streams of compounds which precipitate to form granules. The granulation chamber has an open upper edge connected to the narrow edge of a conical surface. The upper open edge of the conical surface merges with an apron which is spaced inwardly from the inner periphery of the reaction chamber. Conduit means conduct granules downwardly from the granulation chamber. Liquid and fine granules rise upwardly within the conical surface. Granules descend back into the granulating chamber. Clean liquid passes downwardly through the annular space between the apron and the reaction chamber for removal from the space between the conical surface and the apron.

Abstract: A process is provided for treating exhaust gases to remove sulfur dioxide by contacting the gas with a solution of ammonium sulfite and bisulfite in a scrubber. A portion of the solution discharged from the scrubber is oxidized to form ammonium sulfate and the treated gas is further treated with the oxidized solution.

Abstract: A noble gas after heating in a nuclear reactor is passed through a tube-type reactor to carry out endothermic chemical reactions with a gas. The tube-type reactor includes reactor tube assemblies in a bundle formation supported by a mounting plate. A cover tube surrounds the upper portion of each reactor tube assembly. The cover tubes extend from the bottom surface of the mounting plate to a point slightly above the noble gas discharge opening in the pressure jacket of the reactor. The lower end portions of each cover tube include a reinforced member to seal the interspaces between the cover tubes and to seal the space between the cover tubes and the wall of the pressure jacket. Above the mounting plate are sealing containers including end members having edge flanges that are welded together to form a seal between the top side of the mounting plate and the reactor tube assemblies.

Abstract: Industrial waste gases containing sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid and sulfur trioxide are treated within a reaction tank in a first stage with a solution containing ammonium ions to increase the dew point of the gases. The gases are then cooled below the elevated dew point in a second stage below which a deflector system directs the gases along the wall of the reaction tank into a third stage where the gases are cooled by a spray mist of an ammonia mixture to form ammonium salts. The gases are then treated in a fourth stage at the bottom of the reaction tank with the solution containing ammonium ions to precipitate ammonium salts into a reservoir below the reaction tank. Purified waste gases are discharged into a cooler where a stripper removes entrained droplets of liquid before discharge into the atmosphere. The droplet size of the solution sprayed into the second stage is larger than the droplet size of the solution sprayed into the first stage.

Abstract: A control system for a pressure vessel receiving a flow of hot rare gas, such as helium, from a nuclear reactor. The control system includes a thermocouple supported on the vessel wall within an airgap formed by an outwardly-spaced layer of insulation. An aperture in the bottom of the layer of insulation feeds air into the airgap. Air is withdrawn through an aperture in the top of the layer of insulation and passed along a conduit containing a control valve, and thence, through a motor controlled blower to a chimney. A controller receives the signal from the thermocouple for adjusting the control valve to both maintain a small continuous airflow and adjustably control the flow of air delivered by the conduit line to the chimney. The controller also controls the motor-driven blower. The flow of helium through the pressure vessel is detected to provide an output signal for controllably varying the operation of the blower.

Abstract: A tube-type reactor includes a reactor shell surrounding a bundle of vertically-arranged jacketed tube assemblies. An equilateral triangle is formed by lines interconnecting the central axes of the three jacketed tube assemblies in mutual contact. Each jacketed tube assembly includes a reactor tube forming an annular space within a sheathing tube which includes six longitudinally-arranged slots uniformly distributed about its top end and into which connecting elements are received and welded to join together the sheathing tubes. In one form, the connector element includes spacer heads extending along a web to lie within the annular gap between the reactor tube and the sheathing tube and abut against the reactor tube. In a second embodiment, the connector element includes a web having three spider arms with longitudinal recesses, the width of which corresponds to the wall thickness of a sheathing tube.

Abstract: A process is provided for removing ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and hydrocyanic acid from gases such as coke oven gas. In carrying out the process, the gas to be cleaned is first washed with an alkaline solution to remove the hydrogen sulfide and hydrocyanic acid. The hydrogen sulfide is oxidized by air to produce elemental sulfur, which is removed, and the alkaline solution is recirculated for reuse, a portion of the solution carrying cyanide and other compounds being diverted for further treatment. The gas to be cleaned is subjected to a second washing operation with an inorganic acid solution which removes the ammonia from the gas by formation of an ammonia salt solution. The salt solution is regenerated to recover the acid which is recirculated for reuse.

Abstract: A boiler has an outer wall of weldable material and an inner chamber including a high temperature heat exchanger which is connected by pipes passing through openings in the outer boiler wall for the supply and discharge of a heat exchange medium. Each pipe for the heat exchange medium is spaced from and passes through a sleeve-like jacket that is welded to the outer boiler wall and projects outwardly therefrom. A cooling gas is fed into the sleeve-like jacket to pass along an annular space between the jacket and the pipe. The cooling gas flows into an annular chamber between the outer boiler wall and the inner chamber. According to a second embodiment, concentric sleeves are provided in the annular space between the jacket and pipe to pass the cooling gas to and fro within this space.

Abstract: In the process disclosed, gas from a coke plant is washed with an aqueous metallic salt solution including sulfureous and sulfuric acid to absorb the ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide from the gas. The washing solution is then oxidized in an aerating tank to recover elementary sulfur. A portion of the washing fluid from the oxidizer is returned for continued washing of gas and a portion of the fluid is heated in the presence of a catalyst to yield products of combustion including an acid anhydride and a metal or metal oxide. After processing the combustion products through a heat recovering system, the acid anhydride and metal oxides are combined and react to form renewed aqueous metal salt solution that is combined with the oxidized washing solution to wash additional quantities of gas.

Abstract: This disclosure pertains to an apparatus within a container wherein solid particles of the type that form a sediment in a liquid, are withdrawn from a liquid-filled processing chamber at the upper side of a funnel-shaped plate into a liquid-filled collecting chamber below the plate. In one embodiment, the funnel-shaped plate includes a central discharge nozzle that forms an annular discharge gap by extending downwardly within the side walls of a bell-shaped chamber that is inverted and contains a mushroom-shaped distributor supported above its bottom wall by a liquid supply pipe. The top surface of the mushroom-shaped distributor has a conical shape with the apex extending upwardly to the terminal end of the discharge nozzle.

Abstract: A process for carrying out an endothermic chemical reaction, such as the water-gas reaction, wherein heat is supplied to the reaction from nuclear reactor cooling gases. The invention is characterized in that water vapor and fuel, for example, are passed through a series of heat exchangers and reaction chambers in series, the heat exchangers being disposed within a conduit through which cooling gases from a nuclear reactor flow. When a fuel such as methane, for example, is being dissociated in the endothermic reaction, additional fuel is added to each reaction chamber where heat is supplied from the nuclear reactor cooling medium via a separate heat exchanger for that chamber.

Abstract: A process to remove ammonia from gases by washing the gases with an inorganic acid of ammonium bisulfite. The ammonia removed from the gas transforms the washing liquid into ammonium salt solution. This salt solution then undergoes a separate processing by washing it with gases bearing sulfur dioxide to regenerate ammonium bisulfite acid, a portion of which is returned for further washing of the gases and another portion is diverted to an apparatus for concentrating the acid solution up to 70% to 80% by weight after which the concentrated acid solution is delivered to a combustion chamber where burning thereof produces combustion products bearing sulfur dioxide which are used in the process to wash the ammonium bisulfite salt solution to regenerate ammonium bisulfite acid.

Abstract: The gasification of solid fuels or mixtures of solid and liquid fuels takes place in a cylindrically-shaped pressure reactor vessel having feed jets at the top of the vessel for introducing the fuel and the gasification medium into the vessel. A ring-shaped chamber containing a bath of molten iron surrounds a gas discharge pipe within the lower portion of the vessel. A water bath is established below the lower rim of the discharge pipe in the vessel and pipe means passing through the side wall of the vessel at an elevation above the lower rim of the discharge pipe and below the ring-shaped chamber discharge the gases liberated within the vessel. Reactor means are provided for utilizing the residual heat of the gases passing from the vessel. In one embodiment, the reactor means comprise a fluidized bed chamber into which coal and steam are injected to utilize the residual heat of the gases.

Abstract: Coke oven gases are washed with an aqueous metallic salt solution of sulfuric acid or sulfurous acid to absorb ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide. The washing solution is then oxidized to recover elementary sulfur. A portion of the oxidized washing fluid is returned for continued washing of gas and a portion of the washing fluid is diverted to a separater where solid compounds which include metal hydroxide and metal cyanide compounds are removed leaving ammonium sulfate solution. The ammonium sulfate solution is heated with combustion air and in a heating agent to produce combustion products including nitrogen, hydrogen and an acid anhydride. The solid compounds from separater are conducted as a aqueous suspension to a reaction vessel wherein, at elevated temperature and pressure, hydrolysis products are formed including free ammonia, metal hydroxide and formate salts.