Abstract: A paste of organic solvent with dissolved organic salt and active carbon is formed and a uniform film of the paste is applied onto a substrate by casting the paste into a clearance between a knife blade and the substrate. The paste is evaporated to form a paste electrode for an ultracapacitor.

Abstract: A multilayer cell is provided that comprises two solid, nonporous current collectors, two porous electrodes separating the current collectors, a porous separator between the electrodes and an electrolyte occupying pores in the electrodes and separator. The mutilayer cell is electrolyzed to disassociate water within the cell to oxygen gas and hydrogen gas. A vacuum is applied to the cell substantially at the same time as the electrolyzing step, to remove the oxygen gas and hydrogen gas. The cell is then sealed to form a ultracapacitor substantially free from water.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for depositing a coating on a substrate. A method of coating a substrate comprises evaporating a first reactant; introducing the evaporated reactant into a plasma; and depositing the first reactant on a surface of the substrate. This method may be used to deposit an electrically conductive, ultraviolet filter coating at high rate on a glass or polycarbonate substrate, for example. An apparatus for depositing a UV filter coating on a polymeric substrate comprises a plasma generator having an anode and a cathode to form a plasma, and a first inlet for introducing a first reactant into the plasma, the first reactant comprising an evaporated material that is deposited on the substrate by the plasma. Optionally, a nozzle can be utilized to provide a controlled delivery of the first reactant into the plasma.

Abstract: A paste of organic solvent with dissolved organic salt and active carbon is formed and a uniform film of the paste is applied onto a substrate by casting the paste into a clearance between a knife blade and the substrate. The paste is evaporated to form a paste electrode for an ultracapacitor.

Abstract: A paste of organic solvent with dissolved organic salt and active carbon is formed and a uniform film of the paste is applied onto a substrate by casting the paste into a clearance between a knife blade and the substrate. The paste is evaporated to form a paste electrode for an ultracapacitor.

Abstract: A manually powered apparatus includes a mechanical energy input device that releases mechanical energy. The mechanical energy input device has first and second mechanical energy delivery cycles. A generator is mechanically coupled to the mechanical energy input device. The generator converts released mechanical energy to electrical energy. The electrical energy includes first current levels and second current levels that decrease over time. The generator supplies the first current levels in response to the first mechanical energy delivery cycle. The second current levels are supplied in response to the second mechanical energy delivery cycle. A load is connected to the generator. The load requires a predetermined current for operation. The first current level is greater than the predetermined current, and the second current level is less than the predetermined current. An electrical energy storage device is connected between the generator and the load.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ultracapacitor and to a method of making an ultracapacitor. The ultracapacitor of the invention includes two solid, nonporous current collectors, two porous electrodes separating the collectors, a porous separator between the electrodes and an electrolyte occupying the pores in the electrodes and separator. The electrolyte includes a cyclic carbonate solvent, a cyclic ester solvent and an electrolyte salt. The invention also relates to a stack of ultracapacitor cells.

Abstract: An ultracapacitor includes two solid, nonporous current collectors, two porous electrodes separating the collectors, a porous separator between the electrodes and an electrolyte occupying the pores in the electrodes and separator. The electrolyte is a polar aprotic organic solvent and a salt. The porous separator comprises a wet laid cellulosic material.

Abstract: A multilayer cell is provided that comprises two solid, nonporous current collectors, two porous electrodes separating the current collectors, a porous separator between the electrodes and an electrolyte occupying pores in the electrodes and separator. The mutilayer cell is electrolyzed to disassociate water within the cell to oxygen gas and hydrogen gas. A vacuum is applied to the cell substantially at the same time as the electrolyzing step, to remove the oxygen gas and hydrogen gas. The cell is then sealed to form a ultracapacitor substantially free from water.

Abstract: An improved process for sealing at least one ultracapacitor which includes a multi-layer structure is disclosed. The process includes the step of applying a substantial vacuum to press together an uppermost layer of the structure and a lowermost layer of the structure and to evacuate ambient gasses, wherein a sealant situated in a peripheral area between the facing surfaces of the layers forms a liquid-impermeable seal for the structure under the vacuum. In some embodiments, a press is used to apply pressure to the peripheral area on which the sealant is disposed. Usually, the ultracapacitor would be situated within an enclosable region of the press, and a collapsible membrane would be fastened over the ultracapacitor to fully enclose the region and transmit the vacuum force to the multi-layer structure. The force applied by the press itself causes the sealant to flow, thereby ensuring a complete seal upon curing of the sealant.

Abstract: A film-forming paste is applied to a substrate through a screen at least in part supported by raised spaced ribs to fill spacing on the substrate defined by the ribs. The film is then cured to form a patterned electrode with intervening spacing for accumulation of gas during operation of the electrode in an ultracapacitor.