Abstract: An apparatus and method of making crosslinked chromonic nanoparticles includes providing a first aqueous liquid stream including a continuous water-soluble polymer phase and a discontinuous chromonic material phase, providing a second aqueous liquid stream including a salt solution having a multivalent cation, and contacting the first aqueous liquid stream with the second aqueous liquid stream in parallel laminar flow to non-covalently crosslink the chromonic material with the multivalent cation, forming crosslinked chromonic nanoparticles. The chromonic material phase can optionally include an encapsulated guest molecule.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell, comprises (a) a first electrode, (b) a second electrode, (c) a first fluid, in contact with the first electrode, and (d) a second fluid, in contact with the second electrode. The first fluid and the second fluid are in parallel laminar flow, and the first fluid has a pH different from the second fluid.

Abstract: A method of electrolytic synthesis comprises applying a potential between a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode is in contact with a first fluid stream in a channel, the second electrode is in contact with a second fluid stream in the channel, and the first steam and the second stream are in parallel laminar flow in the channel.