Abstract: An apparatus is provided to detect electrical contact between anatomical tissue and a shield conductor: a transformer; an alternating current (AC) reference frequency signal generator to inject a reference frequency signal to a primary winding of the transformer; a reactive impedance coupled in parallel with a secondary winding of the transformer between a first node and a second node; and a phase match detector circuit to detect a phase match between the reference frequency signal and a reflected reference frequency signal that is reflected from the secondary winding to the primary winding.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided to detect electrical contact between anatomical tissue and a shield conductor: a transformer; an alternating current (AC) reference frequency signal generator to inject a reference frequency signal to a primary winding of the transformer; a reactive impedance coupled in parallel with a secondary winding of the transformer between a first node and a second node; and a phase match detector circuit to detect a phase match between the reference frequency signal and a reflected reference frequency signal that is reflected from the secondary winding to the primary winding.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods for radiation treatment are disclosed herein. The device may include a light gathering element having an outer surface, a portion of the outer surface of the light gathering element being substantially omni-directional. A portion of the outer surface of light gathering element is coupled to an optical fiber at substantially the base of the optical fiber. The device may include a cartridge having an opening therein for receiving the optical fiber, the light gathering element positioned at an end of the cartridge. A detector, coupled with the optical fiber, may be in the cartridge.