Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of benzene derivatives from furfural and its derivatives. The present invention also relates to the preparation of novel intermediates derived from furfural and its derivatives. The present invention describes new routes for converting furfural and its derivatives into benzene derivatives including novel intermediates.

Abstract: Infrared (IR) vibrational scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has advanced to become a powerful nanoimaging and spectroscopy technique with applications ranging from biological to quantum materials. However, full spatiospectral s-SNOM continues to be challenged by long measurement times and drift during the acquisition of large associated datasets. Various embodiments provide for a novel approach of computational spatiospectral s-SNOM by transforming the basis from the stationary frame into the rotating frame of the IR carrier frequency. Some embodiments see acceleration of IR s-SNOM data collection by a factor of 10 or more in combination with prior knowledge of the electronic or vibrational resonances to be probed, the IR source excitation spectrum, and other general sample characteristics.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of tri-functional aromatic molecules from diformylfuran, in particular to the production of tri-methyl benzene derivatives such as for example trimellitic acid or 1,2,4-tri(aminomethyl)benzene from diformylfuran and its derivatives.

Abstract: The invention relates to new compounds of formulae (IV) and (VII): (IV) (VII) wherein X represents a halogen atom selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine and R is a hydrocarbyl radical, said compounds being useful as precursors and/or intermediates for the preparation of 4,4?dihalobenzophenones of formula (I): (I) wherein X is as defined above.

Abstract: The invention relates to new compounds of formula (I): wherein X bromine and iodine, which are useful for the preparation of 4,4?dihalobenzophenones of formula (III): wherein X is as defined above.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of xylene derivatives from furfural and its derivatives. The invention describes new routes for converting furfural and its derivatives into xylene derivatives including novel intermediates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of tri-functional aromatic molecules from diformylfuran, in particular to the production of tri-methyl benzene derivatives such as for example trimellitic acid or 1,2,4-tri(aminomethyl)benzene from diformylfuran and its derivatives.

Abstract: The invention relates to new compounds of formula (I) wherein X represents a halogen atom selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, which are useful for the preparation of 4,4?dihalodiphenylsulfones of formula (III) wherein X is as defined above.

Abstract: A process for synthesizing at least one levulinate ester, said process comprising the reaction of furfuryl alcohol with at least one other alcohol in the presence of water and at least one catalyst, said furfuryl alcohol being present in a quantity of at least 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the alcohols, and said catalyst comprising at least one triflate ligand and at least one metal selected from bismuth, gallium, aluminum, tin and iron.

Abstract: A process for synthesizing at least one levulinate ester, said process comprising the reaction of furfuryl alcohol with at least one other alcohol in the presence of water and at least one catalyst, said furfuryl alcohol being present in a quantity of at least 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the alcohols, and said catalyst comprising at least one triflate ligand and at least one metal selected from bismuth, gallium, aluminum, tin and iron.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of xylene derivatives from furfural and its derivatives. The invention describes new routes for converting furfural and its derivatives into xylene derivatives including novel intermediates.

Abstract: The visual similarity between fonts is determined using visual descriptors of character images in the fonts. A model used to generate the visual descriptors may include a set of letterforms, keypoint locations on each letterform, and detail shapes at zero, one, or more detail areas on the letterform. In some instances, the model may also set forth one or more geometric measurements. Based on the model, a visual descriptor may be generated for a character image from a font by identifying a letterform of the character image, identifying keypoint locations on the character image, and identifying a detail shape at any detail areas on the character image. Additionally, the visual descriptor may include any geometric measurement defined by the model. The visual similarity between two fonts may be determined as a function of the differences between pairs of visual descriptors for the fonts that correspond with the same letterform.

Abstract: The visual similarity between fonts is determined using visual descriptors of character images in the fonts. A model used to generate the visual descriptors may include a set of letterforms, keypoint locations on each letterform, and detail shapes at zero, one, or more detail areas on the letterform. In some instances, the model may also set forth one or more geometric measurements. Based on the model, a visual descriptor may be generated for a character image from a font by identifying a letterform of the character image, identifying keypoint locations on the character image, and identifying a detail shape at any detail areas on the character image. Additionally, the visual descriptor may include any geometric measurement defined by the model. The visual similarity between two fonts may be determined as a function of the differences between pairs of visual descriptors for the fonts that correspond with the same letterform.

Abstract: A hydraulic arrangement by which a plurality of shift rails of a transmission are actuated, including one double acting cylinder per shift rail by which the respective shift rail can be moved back and forth. A first hydraulic valve is connected upstream of the plurality of shift rails and has a first output and a second output, by which a first shift pressure and a second shift pressure for actuating the shift rails can be provided. A second hydraulic valve is connected between the first hydraulic valve and two of the shift rails, and by which it is selectively possible for the first output of the first hydraulic valve to be associated with one of the double acting cylinders of the two shift rails, and the second output of the first hydraulic valve to be associated with the other double acting cylinder of the two shift rails.

Abstract: A hydraulic device, in particular for actuating a clutch, including a hydraulic working cylinder, which is arranged near the clutch and which is connected to a volumetric flow source via a hydraulic line. The volumetric flow rate of the volumetric flow source can be influenced by a control unit according to signals of the sensors associated with the hydraulic device. The volumetric flow source is formed by a combination of an electric motor and a pump arranged in a common housing.

Abstract: A volume flow regulating valve for a hydraulic system for controlling a belt-driven conical-pulley transmission. The valve includes a control piston with a pressure surface and an oppositely facing pressure return surface. A supply segment is associated with the pressure surface, and a cooler return segment is connectable with the supply segment by a control edge of the control piston. A pressure return segment is associated with the pressure return surface, and a pressurizing segment is situated between the cooler return segment and the pressure return segment.

Abstract: A compressor drive system for driving a compressor of an internal combustion engine contains a variable speed drive unit and a planetary gear set, the planetary gear set being connected to the internal combustion engine and the compressor in such a way that a first output shaft of the planetary gear set is connected to the compressor, a first drive shaft of the planetary gear set is connected to the internal combustion engine, and a second drive shaft of the planetary gear set is connected to the internal combustion engine through the variable speed drive unit.

Abstract: A hydraulic supply system for a hydraulically actuated automatic transmission, in particular for a belt-driven conical-pulley transmission. The system includes a primary pump driven by a primary drive system to provide pressure in a supply line connected to a regulating valve. The supply line is connected through a pilot valve to a control line in which a control valve is situated, with which the pressure that determines the setting of a transmission ratio adjusting valve is set. An auxiliary pump driven by an auxiliary drive system that is separate from the primary drive system includes an outlet line connected to the control line through a first valve that opens in the direction of the control line, and is connected to the supply line through a second valve that opens in the direction of the supply line.

Abstract: A hydraulic supply system for a hydraulically-operated automatic transmission includes a primary pump that is driven by an internal combustion engine of a vehicle. An electrically-driven auxiliary pump is provided to supply the system with hydraulic pressure when the primary pump is off or to supplement the primary pump when the primary pump does not deliver sufficient pressure. A discharge line from the auxiliary pump is connected to a control line of the hydraulic supply system and to the hydraulic system supply line under system pressure. Check valves are provided in the respective lines from the auxiliary pump. An additional check valve is provided in a line that extends from the control line to a torque sensing chamber of the automatic transmission.

Abstract: A hydraulic system for actuating a belt-driven conical-pulley transmission having a variably adjustable transmission ratio, of a vehicle, including at least one hydraulic energy source and having a torque sensor that is supplied with working medium by a pump flow of the hydraulic energy source. A disconnection valve is connected between the hydraulic energy source and the torque sensor, which makes it possible to connect or disconnect an additional pump flow of the hydraulic energy source, depending on need.