Abstract: Described are compositions and methods relating to the measurement of glucose derivable from the cellulosic components of a feedstock. The compositions and methods are particularly useful for ensuring that biofuel producers comply with the Renewable Fuel Standard while maximizing the value of the biofuel they produce.

Abstract: A method for acid-catalyzed acylation of an isohexide is described. The method involves a reaction of an isohexide and an excess of carboxylic acid in the presence of a Lewis acid or a Brnsted acid catalyst. One or more Lewis acid or Brnsted acid can facilitate conversion of isohexides to their corresponding mono and diesters with a pronounced greater regio-selectivity of exo-OH over endo-OH of the isohexide in the product. Particular catalytic acid species include zirconium chloride (ZrCl4) and phosphonic acid (H3PO3), which manifest a ratio of exo:endo regioselectivity of about 5.0?3:1 and about 4.00.3:1, respectively.

Abstract: A method for preparing esters from isohexide compounds, and a means by which color bodies that may be made in situ during esterification of isohexide compounds are either prevented from forming or their amounts are minimized in the resultant product mixture are described.

Abstract: A method for preparing esters from isohexide compounds, and a means by which color bodies that may be made in situ during esterification of isohexide compounds are either prevented from forming or their amounts are minimized in the resultant product mixture are described.

Abstract: A method for acid-catalyzed acylation of an isohexide is described. The method can enable direct alcohol acylation with carboxylic acids. In particular, the method involves reacting an isohexide and an excess of carboxylic acid, in the presence of a water-tolerant Lewis acid catalyst. Water-tolerant Lewis acid catalysts can furnish relatively high diester yields (e.g., ?55%-60%) at lower catalyst loads. This feature, among others, is highly desirable for cost savings, and can improve process economics.

Abstract: A method for acid-catalyzed acylation of an isohexide is described. The method involves a reaction of an isohexide and an excess of carboxylic acid in the presence of a Lewis acid or a Brønsted acid catalyst. One or more Lewis acid or Brønsted acid can facilitate conversion of isohexides to their corresponding mono and diesters with a pronounced greater regio-selectivity of exo-OH over endo-OH of the isohexide in the product. Particular catalytic acid species include zirconium chloride (ZrCl4) and phosphonic acid (H3PO3), which manifest a ratio of exo:endo regioselectivity of about 5.0?3:1 and about 4.00.3:1, respectively.

Abstract: A process is described for producing an isohexide wherein an hexitol or a combination of hexitols is continuously dehydrated in the presence of an acid catalyst under vacuum using a thin film evaporator.

Abstract: A process is described for producing an isohexide wherein an hexitol or a combination of hexitols is continuously dehydrated in the presence of an acid catalyst under vacuum using a thin film evaporator.

Abstract: A process is described for producing an isohexide wherein an hexitol or a combination of hexitols is continuously dehydrated in the presence of an acid catalyst under vacuum using a thin film evaporator.

Abstract: An improved method is provided for the quantitative analysis of mixtures including various sugars, sugar alcohols and related dehydration products, whereby these are enabled to be effectively and accurately quantitated through gas chromatography, for example, by their derivatization with a carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride or halide in the presence of a metal triflate catalyst. The method can be carried out at essentially room temperature conditions, with a sufficiently rapid and complete derivatization, even in the presence of substantial amounts of water, that the materials to be quantitated do not substantially break down or degrade and substantially completely accounted for in a derivatized form.