Abstract: A soil or rock nail retaining wall with an outer face is provided. A method of constructing such a wall is also set forth. A cut is excavated in successive sections to form exposed cut faces. The exposed cut face of each successively excavated section is temporarily supported with a temporary support means comprised of a nail installed through the exposed cut face into the ground. Shotcrete or a layer of barrier material may also be used in forming the temporary support means. Next, an outer face is formed. Facing elements are attached to the nail-supported cut via an isolated reinforced concrete closure. Formwork is used in placing the reinforced concrete closure. The reinforced concrete closure ties together the facing elements and the nail. Finally, free-draining granular backfill material, such as porous concrete, gravel or crushed rock, is placed along the remainder of the retaining wall between the exposed cut face and the facing elements.

Abstract: A method for rehabilitating an existing bulkhead located between a body of water and land is disclosed. The method includes the steps of installing a plurality of tiebacks attached directly to the existing bulkhead, and a new bulkhead facing is connected to the existing bulkhead which has been supported by the tiebacks. An alternate method includes the steps of installing a plurality of substantially vertical piles at horizontally spaced locations in front of, i.e. on the water side of, the existing bulkhead; connecting the vertical piles to the existing bulkhead; installing tiebacks through the existing bulkhead and into the land behind the existing bulkheads; and connecting the tiebacks to the vertical piles. In situations where use of piles and tiebacks alone are not sufficient to rehabilitate the bulkhead, a new bulkhead facing is installed in front of the existing bulkhead and connected to and supported by the piles and tieback supported existing bulkhead.