Abstract: Embodiments provide high-throughput, hub-and-spoke satellite communications with geographically non-overlapping user beams and full frequency reuse. For example, a coverage area of a satellite is segmented into multiple candidate coverage zones, and an associated consumption demand is determined for each candidate coverage zone. Fixed spot beams are assigned to a subset of the candidate coverage zones according to highest associated consumption demands, such that each fixed spot beam corresponds to at least one candidate coverage zone to service an associated beam coverage area that is geographically non-overlapping with beam coverage areas of all other fixed spot beams, and each fixed spot beam is allocated full use of a same spectrum. One or more steerable beams selectively cover lower consumption demand zones.

Abstract: A method and device for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides and for increasing heat transfer in a fired process heater is disclosed herein. The invention relates generally to the combustion of fuel using some proportion of air as the oxidant which leads to the production of oxides of nitrogen, and more particularly to a method and device that reduces the production of nitrogen oxides from combustion, promotes the appropriate distribution of temperature to reduce fouling of the process tubes in a fired heater, and increases the efficiency of heat transfer to the same process tubes.

Abstract: A wind turbine captures energy from a flowing fluid medium using drum-shaped drive elements that spin while traveling along a continuous orbiting course around a base. Attached roller bearings engaging stationary raceways can guide the drive elements. Means for spinning the drive elements can include toothed belts engaging drive element cog wheels. Spinning can provide Magnus effect enhancement. Wind energy is captured by the drive element motion, then transferred to the base cog wheels by a toothed belt and finally fed to an output shaft. The invention includes locating drive elements in a moving fluid medium, spinning the drive elements as they are urged by the wind along a continuous orbiting course and capturing energy by linking the motion of the drive elements to an external device. The method includes adjusting the base's azimuth and the angle of incidence of the wind in response to wind direction and speed.

Abstract: A monitoring device (10) for a laser machining device (12) that has one or more laser beams (13) that are displaced along a predetermined adjustable trajectory (14, 16) along a workpiece (18) includes one or more sensors (20, 22) which monitor(s) the processing signal (24) of the machining process in a three-dimensional section (26). The one or more sensors (20, 22) activate an alarm device or interrupter (28) for the one or more laser beams (13) of the laser machining device (12) if the one or more process signals (24) in the section (26) exceed a predetermined threshold value or fall short of it, the one or more sensors (20, 22) being independent of the laser machining device (12).

Abstract: A wind turbine captures energy from a flowing fluid medium using drum-shaped drive elements that spin while traveling along a continuous orbiting course around a base. Attached roller bearings engaging stationary raceways can guide the drive elements. Means for spinning the drive elements can include toothed belts engaging drive element cog wheels. Spinning can provide Magnus effect enhancement. Wind energy is captured by the drive element motion, then transferred to the base cog wheels by a toothed belt and finally fed to an output shaft. The invention includes locating drive elements in a moving fluid medium, spinning the drive elements as they are urged by the wind along a continuous orbiting course and capturing energy by linking the motion of the drive elements to an external device. The method includes adjusting the base's azimuth and the angle of incidence of the wind in response to wind direction and speed.

Abstract: A monitoring device (10) for a laser machining device (12) that has one or more laser beams (13) that are displaced along a predetermined adjustable trajectory (14, 16) along a workpiece (18) includes one or more sensors (20, 22) which monitor(s) the processing signal (24) of the machining process in a three-dimensional section (26). The one or more sensors (20, 22) activate an alarm device or interrupter (28) for the one or more laser beams (13) of the laser machining device (12) if the one or more process signals (24) in the section (26) exceed a predetermined threshold value or fall short of it, the one or more sensors (20, 22) being independent of the laser machining device (12).

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for shielding coherent electromagnetic radiation, especially laser radiation. The device comprises at least two partially converging faces (6, 7) between which two opposite openings (8, 9) are configured. The distance of the faces (6, 7) between the two openings (8, 9) varies to such an extent that the electromagnetic radiation is prevented from going from the one opening (8) straight through the other opening (9).

Abstract: The invention relates to a wall segment (10) for device, such as a cabin, a wall or a screen, protecting against laser beams from a laser source (38) and enclosing a work or effective zone, this wall segment comprising an inner wall (12) adjacent to the work or effective zone and an outer wall (14) parallel to the inner wall (12) and farther away from the work and effective zone than the inner wall (12). To activate an emergency OFF system to shut down the laser source or the processing machine, the inner and outer walls (12) and (14) resp. are metallic, for instance of iron or steel sheetmetal, the inner wall (12) being fitted at least on its side (18) facing the work or effective zone with a highly absorbent coating (16) and the side (22) of the outer wall (14) facing the inside wall (12) being of lower absorption.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transducer plate for electro-acoustic transducers, such as used in telecommunications technology, having a carrier plate and a ceramic plate arranged on a carrier plate. The invention teaches a transducer plate which is dimensioned so that it can be used in a microphone, a receiver or a piezoelectric VF ringing device despite the different voltage response factors required for each application. The following dimensions should preferably be used: transducer plate diameter (0.sub.2)=43 mm; ceramic plate diameter (0.sub.1)=30 mm; transducer plate thickness (d)=150 microns; and ceramic plate thickness (1)=90 microns.

Abstract: An electrical acoustical transducer is provided having a piezoelectrical layer in a housing with a transducer plate. The transducer plate divides the housing into a front chamber and a rear chamber. In the rear chamber, there is provided a Helmholtz resonator for the attenuation of resonance increases. With the invention a Helmholtz resonator is designed such that its acoustical characteristics do not change through environmental influences. Instead of covering the resonator by means of a customary silk disk, several narrow slots are arranged in the carrier plate.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electro-acoustical transducer with a transducer plate having a piezo electric layer and which subdivides the housing of the transducer into a front and back chamber. In the front chamber, means are provided for the attenuation of resonance increases comprising Helmholtz resonators and an attenuation disc. According to the invention, the Helmholtz resonators are designed in such a manner that their effective surface is not reduced in size by means of the attenuation disc or wafer. This is attained according to the invention in that slots are formed in a separating plate.

Abstract: A transducer plate for piezo-electrical transducers has a piezo-electrical layer or member applied thereon. Unwanted oscillations, in particular the fourth partial oscillation, are attenuated by providing a thickness of the adhesive layer chosen for attenuation properties, and which is thicker than prior art adhesive layers.

Abstract: An electroacoustic transducer in which resonance ratio effects above 3500 Hz are attenuated by acoustic means, wherein the transducer membrane is disposed in a cavity which is sub-divided thereby, the sound-receiving space at the front side of the membrane being sub-divided by a separation plate having acoustic transmission openings therein, a mounting cap forming the front wall of said sound-receiving space and provided with acoustic transmission openings therein, and an attenuation member disposed between the separation disk and the mounting cap, which forms a low-pass filter for sound traveling to said membrane. The invention has particular application in piezo microphones in telephone technology.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing piezoelectric bodies to have a permanent polarization for use as electroacoustic transducers or the like are described. During the application of a constant polarizing electric field to a piezoelectric body, the surfaces of the body, which for example, might be in the shape of a disc, have applied thereto a surface pressure. A clamping device having smooth surfaces is used for this purpose.

Abstract: An electroacoustic sound generator of the type having a diaphragm vibrating in the audio frequency range is described. The diaphragm is mounted in a housing which is constructed to form first and second volumes, the former being smaller than the latter. The housing has channels formed therein for communicating sonic energy to the exterior from the first interior volume portion. The first volume portion together with the channels form a Helmholtz resonator tuned to the frequency of the sonic energy to be radiated. The resonant frequency is determined by the product of the compliance of the first volume and the square of the ratio of the cross-sectional area of a channel to the surface area of the diaphragm.