Abstract: In a method of and apparatus for producing ingots of unalloyed and alloyed steels having an improved primary crystallization, reduced ingot segregation and a reduced content of non-metallic inclusions, molten steel is poured into a mould, a slag mixture is supplied onto said steel, energy is supplied to the slag mixture while the steel is solidifying in the mould, and the upper rim zone of the molten steel bordering on the slag mixture is cooled.

Abstract: In a method of producing ingots of unalloyed and alloyed steels having an improved primary crystallization, reduced ingot segregation and a reduced content of non-metallic inclusions, liquid steel is poured into a mould in an amount substantially approximately equal to the desired weight of the ingot to be obtained, slag is applied to the steel and energy is supplied to the already melted slag to maintain the liquid core zone of the slag at a high temperature, while the walls laterally confining the slag are cooled to create and maintain a layer of solid slag in that area, the energy supply to the slag is effected by resistance heating by means of at least one consumable electrode having a chemical composition identical or similar to that of the ingot, and the quantitative composition of the at least one consumable electrode is selected in a manner as to obtain a concentration of segregating elements in the amount of steel melted off per time unit that is lower by that amount in which the concentration of seg

Abstract: In a method of and apparatus for producing ingots of unalloyed and alloyed steels having an improved primary crystallization, reduced ingot segregation and a reduced content of non-metallic inclusions, molten steel is poured into a mould, a slag mixture is supplied onto said steel, energy is supplied to the slag mixture while the steel is solidifying in the mould, and the upper rim zone of the molten steel bordering on the slag mixture is cooled.

Abstract: In a method of producing homogenous ingots of high-melting, nitrogen-containing alloys, whose nitrogen contents are above the solubility limit at atmospheric pressure, according to the electric slag remelting process and using a pressure above atmospheric, a composite electrode consisting of at least one core made of a nitrogen-containing alloy and a jacket made of a nitrogen-containing alloy is used, wherein one of the nitrogen contents is higher and the other one is lower than that of the ingot to be produced.