Abstract: An electrochemical sensor for insertion into slag for determining the activity of a metal oxide in the slag is disclosed. The sensor includes a reference electrode comprising a mixture of a metal alloy and a metal oxide, the metal alloy and the metal oxide each being exposed on a surface of the reference electrode. The sensor also includes at least one oxide electrode comprising a mixture of a metal alloy and a metal oxide different from the mixture of the reference electrode, the metal alloy and the metal oxide of the oxide electrode each being exposed on a surface of the oxide electrode. The sensor further includes a refractory housing holding the reference electrode and each oxide electrode. The reference electrode and each oxide electrode extend from the refractory housing such that the surface of the reference electrode and the surface of the oxide electrode are each in direct contact with the slag when the sensor is inserted into the slag.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for producing a low sulfur content hot reducing gas by desulfurizing hot reducing gas by contacting the sulfur-bearing hot reducing gas or carbonaceous material with a particulate calcium oxide desulfurizing agent to thereby produce a product gas stream and a byproduct calcium sulfide composition, and then recovering sulfur from the calcium sulfide composition by contacting the calcium sulfide composition with hot liquid water at a temperature and corresponding pressure sufficient to maintain steam in the system and wherein a major portion of the calcium sulfide composition has a particle size of less than about 6 mesh to thereby convert the sulfide to calcium hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide. A preferred process uses this low sulfur content gas to reduce iron ore, and especially wherein ore, calcium oxide and carbonaceous material are reacted in a shaft furnace.

Abstract: Hot reducing gas is desulfurized by contacting the gas with a desulfurizing agent comprising a bed of sintered, porous pellets, comprising the reaction product of manganese oxide and aluminum oxide, then regenerating the spent desulfurizing agent by contacting the bed with a gaseous oxidizing atmosphere and then reusing the regenerated desulfurizing agent under the above mentioned conditions for desulfurizing hot reducing gas. The temperature of the bed of pellets is between about 500.degree. C. and about 1300.degree. C. during both the desurfurization and the regeneration steps. The invention relates to the pellets and to the processes of making and using these pellets.

Abstract: Hot reducing gas is desulfurized by contacting the gas with a desulfurizing agent comprising a bed of porous manganese oxide pellets, then regenerating the spent desulfurizing agent by contacting the bed with a gaseous oxidizing atmosphere and then reusing the regenerated desulfurizing agent under the above mentioned conditions for desulfurizing hot reducing gas. The temperature of the bed of pellets is between about 500.degree. C. and about 1300.degree. C. during both the desulfurization and the regeneration steps.

Abstract: Hot reducing gas is desulfurized by contacting the gas with a desulfurizing agent comprising a bed of sintered, porous pellets, comprising the reaction product of manganese oxide and aluminum oxide, then regenerating the spent desulfurizing agent by contacting the bed with a gaseous oxidizing atmosphere and then reusing the regenerated desulfurizing agent under the above mentioned conditions for desulfurizing hot reducing gas. The temperature of the bed of pellets is between about 500.degree. C. and about 1300.degree. C. during both the desulfurization and the regeneration steps. The invention relates to the pellets and to the processes of making and using these pellets.

Abstract: A method of producing steel by the bottom blown basic oxygen process in which the residual sulfur content is reduced to an exceptionally low level. The process comprehends a standard bottom blown basic oxygen steelmaking process incorporating the injection of a gas carrying particulate desulfurizing agent to desulfurize the steel while maintaining reducing conditions in the bath.