Abstract: A UV reactor comprises a reactor body shaped to define longitudinally extending inner and outer reactor chambers. One or more passages located at a first longitudinal end of the inner reactor chamber provide fluid communication between the inner and outer reactor chambers. The outer reactor chamber surrounds a portion of the inner reactor chamber that includes the first longitudinal end. The UV reactor also comprises: an inlet/outlet in fluid communication with the outer reactor chamber; and an outlet/inlet in fluid communication with the inner reactor chamber. The outlet/inlet is located at a second longitudinal end of the inner reactor chamber. A cap connected to the reactor body houses one or more UV radiation emitters optically oriented to direct UV radiation into the inner reactor chamber. An inner fluid-flow cross-section of the inner reactor chamber may be greater than an outer fluid flow cross-section of the outer reactor chamber.

Abstract: A UV reactor irradiates a flow of fluid with UV radiation. The reactor comprises: a fluid conduit defined by a heat conducting conduit body comprising one or more heat conducting walls for permitting a flow of fluid therethrough; a UV-LED operatively connected to a PCB and oriented for directing radiation into the fluid conduit. The PCB comprises a heat conducting substrate having a first surface. The conduit body is in thermal contact with the first surface of the heat conducting substrate. Heat is dissipated from the UV-LED via the heat conducting substrate, the thermal contact between the first surface of the heat conducting substrate and the heat conducting conduit body, and from the one or more heat conducting walls of the heat conducting conduit body to the fluid flowing through the fluid conduit.

Abstract: A sensor for detection or quantitative measurement of a first target molecule in an analyte comprises: a first sensing node provided in solid phase on a solid-phase substrate, the first sensing node comprising a first radiation-activatable fluorescence material and a first recognition element for interaction with the first target molecule; and a radiation emitter optically configured to direct input radiation toward the first sensing node. The first radiation-activatable fluorescence material is fluoresce-able in response to interaction with the input radiation to thereby cause the first sensing node to emit first output radiation. One or more spectral characteristics of the first output radiation are detectably influence-able in response to interaction between the first recognition element and the first target molecule.

Abstract: A handle comprises a grip and an ultraviolet radiation emitter operable to emit ultraviolet radiation to disinfect the grip. The grip has a body extending in a longitudinal direction between a proximal end surface located at a proximal end of the grip and a distal end surface located at an opposing distal end of the grip. The ultraviolet radiation emitter is located at the proximal end of the grip and configured to emit ultraviolet radiation. In some embodiments, the ultraviolet radiation emitter is configured to direct ultraviolet radiation from the proximal end and in directions oriented toward the body.

Abstract: A reactor that operates with ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) to attain UV photoreactions or UV photo-initiated reaction in a fluid flow for various applications, including water purification. The UV-LED reactor is comprised of a conduit means for passing fluid flow, an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED), and a radiation-focusing element to focus the UV-LED radiation to the fluid in the longitudinal direction of the conduit. The UV-LED reactor may include photocatalysts or chemical oxidants, which are activated by UV emitted by UV-LEDs for photocatalytic and photo-initiated reactions.

Abstract: A UV reactor irradiates a flow of fluid with UV radiation. The reactor comprises: a fluid conduit defined by a heat conducting conduit body comprising one or more heat conducting walls for permitting a flow of fluid therethrough; a UV-LED operatively connected to a PCB and oriented for directing radiation into the fluid conduit. The PCB comprises a heat conducting substrate having a first surface. The conduit body is in thermal contact with the first surface of the heat conducting substrate. Heat is dissipated from the UV-LED via the heat conducting substrate, the thermal contact between the first surface of the heat conducting substrate and the heat conducting conduit body, and from the one or more heat conducting walls of the heat conducting conduit body to the fluid flowing through the fluid conduit.

Abstract: Aspects of exemplary fluid disinfection apparatus and methods are described. One aspect is a disinfection apparatus comprising a body comprising a reflecting chamber, a fluid channel to direct a fluid into reflecting chamber, and radiation source positioned to output a disinfecting radiation into the chamber. The body may include an inlet and outlet. For example, the inlet may extend through the body to receive a fluid at a first velocity; the reflecting chamber may extend along an axis of the body; and the outlet may extend through an end of the reflecting chamber to discharge the fluid from the body. In this example, the fluid channel may direct the fluid from the inlet into the reflecting chamber at a second velocity smaller than the first velocity; and the radiation source may be positioned to output the disinfecting radiation into the reflecting chamber toward the outlet.

Abstract: A reactor that operates with ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) to attain UV photoreactions or UV photo-initiated reaction in a fluid flow for various applications, including water purification. The UV-LED reactor is comprised of a conduit means for passing fluid flow, an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED), and a radiation-focusing element to focus the UV-LED radiation to the fluid in the longitudinal direction of the conduit. The UV-LED reactor may include photocatalysts or chemical oxidants, which are activated by UV emitted by UV-LEDs for photocatalytic and photo-initiated reactions.

Abstract: A fluid flow conduit according to one embodiment comprises: a body comprising a channel-defining surface which defines a principal flow channel extending in a longitudinal direction, wherein the body defines an interior flow region comprising the principal flow channel; an inlet for introducing fluid into the interior flow region, the inlet shaped so that an average velocity of fluid entering the interior flow region from the inlet is oriented in an inlet flow direction non-parallel to the longitudinal direction; and an outlet for conveying fluid out of the principal flow channel, the outlet spaced apart from the inlet in the longitudinal direction such that fluid that passes from the inlet to the outlet passes through at least a portion of the principal flow channel; wherein the fluid flow conduit defines a recess in the interior flow region and facing the inlet.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating a fluid comprises a fluid container having a chamber for holding the fluid and an ultraviolet (UV) reactor. The UV reactor comprises: an inlet in fluid communication with the chamber; an outlet located above the inlet; a conduit extending longitudinally between the inlet and the outlet to facilitate fluid flow from the inlet to the outlet in a first direction having a component antiparallel to the direction of gravity; and a UV emitter optically oriented to emit UV radiation directed toward the fluid travelling through the conduit. At least part of the chamber is located above the outlet to cause the fluid to flow from the chamber to the inlet and through the conduit to the outlet due to force of gravity.

Abstract: A sensor is provided comprising a radiation emitter, a plurality of electrodes, a sensing material (transducer), and a recognition element (receptor, bioreceptor). The radiation element is configured to irradiate the sensing material, the plurality of electrodes is configured to be in electrical contact with the sensing material, and the recognition element is configured to be in contact, either directly or through an interface, with the sensing material. The sensing material is configured to receive radiation from the radiation source and interact with the target material largely through the receptor. Further, the sensing material is configured to generate measurable electrical signal upon interaction with a target molecule, when a potential is applied to the electrodes.

Abstract: A fluid flow conduit comprises a flow-shaping element shaped to control the velocity distribution of fluid flowing therethrough. A conduit body is shaped to define a longitudinally oriented interior flow region. The flow-shaping element comprises a flow-shaping channel shaped to provide a first curved channel portion curved about a longitudinal axis in a first angular direction to impart angular momentum about the longitudinal axis in the first angular direction on fluid flow therethrough. The flow-shaping channel may be shaped to provide a second curved channel portion that is curved about the longitudinal axis in a second angular direction (opposed to the first angular direction) to impart angular momentum about the longitudinal axis in the second angular direction on fluid flow therethrough. The flow-shaping channel may be shaped to provide one or more slits that communicate fluid between the first and second curved channel portions and a central bore portion.

Abstract: A UV reactor comprises a main chamber extending in a generally longitudinal direction. The main chamber may comprise a UV-LED and a reflective wall located at opposing longitudinal ends of the main chamber. Fluid enters main chamber through a fluid inlet and exits main chamber through a fluid outlet. The fluid inlet may be located at the reflective wall end of the main chamber. The fluid outlet may be located at the UV-LED end of the main chamber.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing hydroxyl radicals in a fluid chamber in an electrochemical cell comprising at least one cathode, at least one anode and at least one source of photolyzing radiation. The method comprises causing an electrochemical cell to produce hydrogen peroxide in the fluid, and causing at least one photolyzing radiation source, such as UV-LED, to photolyze the hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radicals. The fluid treatment apparatus includes: a structure defining a fluid chamber; at least one cathode facing into the fluid chamber; at least one anode facing into the fluid chamber; and a photolyzing radiation source operable to emit photolyzing radiation into at least one electrochemical cell portion of the fluid chamber, which is suitable for producing hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: A reactor that operates with ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) to attain UV photoreactions or UV photo-initiated reaction in a fluid flow for various applications, including water purification. The UV-LED reactor is comprised of a conduit means for passing fluid flow, an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED), and a radiation-focusing element to focus the UV-LED radiation to the fluid in the longitudinal direction of the conduit proportionally to the fluid velocity in the cross section of the conduit.

Abstract: Distributing electromagnetic radiation in a reaction chamber may involve causing at least some electromagnetic radiation from at least one electromagnetic radiation emitter to be refracted by at least one lens into the reaction chamber as refracted electromagnetic radiation skewed laterally relative to a longitudinal direction of the reaction chamber and/or relative to the at least some electromagnetic radiation from the at least one electromagnetic radiation emitter.

Abstract: A UV reactor irradiates a flow of fluid with UV radiation. The reactor comprises: a fluid conduit defined by a heat conducting conduit body comprising one or more heat conducting walls for permitting a flow of fluid therethrough; a UV-LED operatively connected to a PCB and oriented for directing radiation into the fluid conduit. The PCB comprises a heat conducting substrate having a first surface. The conduit body is in thermal contact with the first surface of the heat conducting substrate. Heat is dissipated from the UV-LED via the heat conducting substrate, the thermal contact between the first surface of the heat conducting substrate and the heat conducting conduit body, and from the one or more heat conducting walls of the heat conducting conduit body to the fluid flowing through the fluid conduit.

Abstract: A UV reactor irradiates a flow of fluid with UV radiation. The reactor comprises: a fluid conduit defined by a heat conducting conduit body comprising one or more heat conducting walls for permitting a flow of fluid therethrough; a UV-LED operatively connected to a PCB and oriented for directing radiation into the fluid conduit. The PCB comprises a heat conducting substrate having a first surface. The conduit body is in thermal contact with the first surface of the heat conducting substrate. Heat is dissipated from the UV-LED via the heat conducting substrate, the thermal contact between the first surface of the heat conducting substrate and the heat conducting conduit body, and from the one or more heat conducting walls of the heat conducting conduit body to the fluid flowing through the fluid conduit.

Abstract: A reactor that operates with ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) to attain UV photoreactions or UV photo-initiated reaction in a fluid flow for various applications, including water purification. The UV-LED reactor is comprised of a conduit means for passing fluid flow, an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED), and a radiation-focusing element to focus the UV-LED radiation to the fluid in the longitudinal direction of the conduit. The UV-LED reactor may include photocatalysts or chemical oxidants, which are activated by UV emitted by UV-LEDs for photocatalytic and photo-initiated reactions.

Abstract: A fluid flow conduit according to one embodiment comprises: a body comprising a channel-defining surface which defines a principal flow channel extending in a longitudinal direction, wherein the body defines an interior flow region comprising the principal flow channel; an inlet for introducing fluid into the interior flow region, the inlet shaped so that an average velocity of fluid entering the interior flow region from the inlet is oriented in an inlet flow direction non-parallel to the longitudinal direction; and an outlet for conveying fluid out of the principal flow channel, the outlet spaced apart from the inlet in the longitudinal direction such that fluid that passes from the inlet to the outlet passes through at least a portion of the principal flow channel; wherein the fluid flow conduit defines a recess in the interior flow region and facing the inlet.