Abstract: Systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are disclosed for the identification and management of causal knowledge. Organizations can use this knowledge to improve performance by, for example, designing cost-effective interventions to change customer or employee behavior. These methods use novel ways to abstract, standardize, and automate the identification and management of causal knowledge, thus making it accessible and affordable to most business users. Moreover, methods are disclosed that—for the first time—solve two critical problems of randomized controlled trials: Missing data on the outcomes of interest, and the inability to generalize findings from the experimental sample to the population using non-probability samples. This includes solving a fundamental problem (present also in probability samples) with the generalization of segmented analysis from a study sample to a population.