Abstract: Method and apparatus for measuring the resultant normal component of loading forces acting substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of machine elements wherein a continuous hole is bored substantially along the longitudinal axis of the machine element; an elastic line extending substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis is arbitrarily selected and includes two spaced points, each of the points being symmetrically located with respect to the point of application of the loading forces; and mounting a transducer in the hole for measuring the change in the angle between the two tangents each extending through one of the spaced points. A transducer includes a measuring part and two expansionable attachment parts mounted at respective ends of the measuring part. Each attachment part includes means for securing the transducer in the hole within the machine element such that the measuring part extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the machine element.

Abstract: A transducer for magneto-elastic stress measurement is formed of a holder and a core of magneto-elastic material provided with coils to generate a flux in and sense flux alterations produced by stresses of the core. The core is formed of one or more plates firmly attached to the holder and designed to be attached to the measuring object. The core may consist of a single plate attached to the holder at four symmetrical points, or of a cross having four arms the ends of which are welded to a frame of magnetic material which is secured to the holder. The holder may also be in the form of a casing of magnetic material which protects the core and coils and serves as a magnetic return path for the fluxes. For applications where disturbing magnetic fields may occur in the measuring object, the casing is preferably made of non-magnetic material and provided with a frame of magnetic material as a return path for the flux.

Abstract: A transducer including four pins arranged at the corners of a square and provided with exciting and sensing windings are fixed either to the surface of a body of magnetic material to measure stresses therein or to a plate of magnetic material fixed to the body where the body is of non-magnetic material or has undesirable magnetic characteristics.