Abstract: Tire comprising a crown reinforcement formed of three working layers having between ends thereof two layers of rubber compound Ci. Thickness of the three working layers is <5 mm with individual metal wires as reinforcing elements of diameter <0.50 mm and a distance therebetween being strictly <1 mm. The axial width of each working layer is >60% that of the tread. Distance di between two working layers separated by a layer of rubber compound Ci and measured at the end of the axially narrowest working layer in contact therewith is such that 0.5<di<2.5 mm, and, in a meridian plane, the thickness of at least one layer of rubber compound Ci is substantially constant over the axial width between the axially inner end of a layer of rubber compound Ci and the end of the axially narrowest working layer in contact therewith.

Abstract: Chromatography method in which a gaseous, liquid or supercritical mobile phase containing species to be separated is circulated through a packing, said packing being characterized in that: it comprises a plurality of capillary ducts extending in the packing between an upstream face through which the mobile phase enters the packing and a downstream face through which the mobile phase leaves the packing—the material of the walls comprises a first population of connected pores, providing passages from one duct to the next enabling molecular diffusion to take place between adjacent ducts, pores having a mean diameter (dpore) of greater than 2 times the molecular diameter of at least one species to be separated—the diameter of the ducts is less than 50 ?m.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tire comprising a crown reinforcement formed of at least two working crown layers each formed of reinforcing elements inserted between two skim layers of rubber compound, a first layer S of polymer compound being in contact with at least one working crown layer and in contact with the carcass reinforcement and the crown reinforcement comprising at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. In accordance with the invention, the elastic modulus under tension at 10% elongation of at least one skim layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 8.5 MPa, the maximum value of tan(?), denoted tan(?)max of the said at least one skim layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 0.100, and the complex dynamic shear modulus G*, measured at 10% and 60° C. on the return cycle, of the said first layer S of polymer compound is greater than 1.35 MPa.

Abstract: Tire comprising a crown reinforcement formed of at least two working crown layers of reinforcing elements, a first layer C of rubber compound being placed between at least the ends of the said at least two working crown layers, a second layer S of polymer compound being in contact with at least one working crown layer and in contact with the carcass reinforcement and the crown reinforcement comprising at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. The elastic modulus under tension at 10% elongation of the first layer C is less than 8 MPa, the maximum tan(?) value, denoted tan(?)max, of the first layer C is less than 0.100, and the complex dynamic shear modulus G*, measured at 10% and 60° C. on the return cycle, of the said second layer S of polymer compound is greater than 1.35 MPa.

Abstract: Tire comprising a crown reinforcement formed of two working crown layers having unequal axial widths, layer C of rubber compound between ends of the working crown layers, layer S of polymer compound in contact with at least one working crown layer and in contact with the carcass reinforcement and the crown reinforcement comprising a layer of circumferential reinforcing elements arranged radially between two working crown layers. Distance d between the end of the axially narrowest working layer and the working layer separated from the axially narrowest working layer by the layer C is 1.1ø<d<2.2ø, ø being the diameter of the reinforcing elements of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements, in a meridian plane. The thickness of layer C is substantially constant and the complex dynamic shear modulus G*, measured at 10% and 60° C. on the return cycle, of layer S is greater than 1.35 MPa.

Abstract: Tire comprising a crown reinforcement formed of at least two working crown layers each being formed of reinforcing elements inserted between two skim layers of rubber compound, a first layer S of polymer compound being in contact with at least one working crown layer and in contact with the carcass reinforcement and the crown reinforcement comprising at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. The elastic modulus under tension at 10% elongation of at least one skim layer of at least one working crown layer is greater than 9 MPa, the maximum value of tan(?), denoted tan(?)max, of the at least one skim layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 0.100 and the complex dynamic shear modulus G*, measured at 10% and 60° C. on the return cycle, of the first layer S of polymer compound is greater than 1.35 MPa.

Abstract: A tire comprising a crown reinforcement formed of at least two working crown layers each one formed of reinforcing elements inserted between two skim layers of rubber compound, a first layer S of polymer compound being in contact with at least one working crown layer and in contact with the carcass reinforcement and the crown reinforcement comprising at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. The elastic modulus under tension at 10% elongation of the layer C is greater than 9 MPa, the maximum value of tan(?), denoted tan(?)max, of the layer C is less than 0.100 and the complex dynamic shear modulus G*, measured at 10% and 60° C. on the return cycle, of the first layer S of polymer compound is greater than 1.35 MPa.

Abstract: The invention relates to a monolithic porous material made of amorphous silica or activated alumina, comprising substantially rectilinear capillary channels that are parallel to one another, wherein: the channels have a substantially uniform cross-section relative to each other, the cross-section of each channel is regular over its entire length, the channels pass through the material from end to end, the length of the channels is equal to or more than 10 mm. The invention also relates to an annular, radial or axial chromatographic apparatus, the packing of which consists of at least one said monolithic material. The invention also relates to processes for manufacturing such a monolithic material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a monolithic porous material made of amorphous silica or activated alumina, comprising substantially rectilinear capillary channels that are parallel to one another, wherein: the channels have a substantially uniform cross-section relative to each other, the cross-section of each channel is regular over its entire length, the channels pass through the material from end to end, the length of the channels is equal to or more than 10 mm. The invention also relates to an annular, radial or axial chromatographic apparatus, the packing of which consists of at least one said monolithic material. The invention also relates to processes for manufacturing such a monolithic material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a monolithic porous material based on amorphous silica or activated alumina or on one of their mixtures, the material comprising substantially rectilinear capillary ducts that lie parallel to one another, and being intended to be used as packing in a chromatography column, characterised in that: the ducts have, relative to one another, a substantially uniform cross section; the cross-section of each duct is uniform over its entire length; the ducts pass right through the material; the volume of micropores smaller than 0.3 nm is smaller than 50% of the total porous volume of the material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a monolithic porous material made of amorphous silica or activated alumina, comprising substantially rectilinear capillary channels that are parallel to one another, wherein: the channels have a substantially uniform cross-section relative to each other, the cross-section of each channel is regular over its entire length, the channels pass through the material from end to end, the length of the channels is equal to or more than 10 mm. The invention also relates to an annular, radial or axial chromatographic apparatus, the packing of which consists of at least one said monolithic material. The invention also relates to processes for manufacturing such a monolithic material.

Abstract: A tire includes, among the conventional tread pattern elements, at least one measuring element having a central zone and an encircling zone. In normal operation, the central zone 10 of a measuring element slides over the ground while, conversely, the tread as a whole does not slide over the ground. Measurements are carried out of the maximum adherence potential with the ground, at any moment, due to the central zone of a measuring element. In an alternative embodiment, the measuring element may comprise a circumferentially extending rib(s) or tread block(s) whose ground contact surface(s) is spaced at a lesser radial distance from the wheel axle than the spacing of the ground contact surfaces of the conventional tread blocks.

Abstract: A tire includes, among the conventional tread pattern elements, at least one measuring element having a central zone and an encircling zone. In normal operation, the central zone 10 of a measuring element slides over the ground while, conversely, the tread as a whole does not slide over the ground. Measurements are carried out of the maximum adherence potential with the ground, at any moment, due to the central zone of a measuring element. In an alternative embodiment, the measuring element may comprise a circumferentially extending rib(s) or tread block(s) whose ground contact surface(s) is spaced at a lesser radial distance from the wheel axle than the spacing of the ground contact surfaces of the conventional tread blocks.

Abstract: A tire includes, among the conventional tread pattern elements, at least one measuring element having a central zone and an encircling zone. In normal operation, the central zone 10 of a measuring element slides over the ground while, conversely, the tread as a whole does not slide over the ground. Measurements are carried out of the maximum adherence potential with the ground, at any moment, due to the central zone of a measuring element. In an alternative embodiment, the measuring element may comprise a circumferentially extending rib(s) or tread block(s) whose ground contact surface(s) is spaced at a lesser radial distance from the wheel axle than the spacing of the ground contact surfaces of the conventional tread blocks.

Abstract: A tire tread comprising a tread pattern formed by elements in relief defined by at least two grooves of a width of generally circumferential orientation, at least one of said grooves comprising a plurality of anti-wear studs arranged substantially regularly in the longitudinal (circumferential) direction of the tread, each stud of a maximum height at its base being separate from its neighbors in the groove, each stud comprising an outer surface formed of lateral parts facing the walls of the tread pattern elements and an outer surface between said lateral parts, the outer surface of each stud comprising at least two contact surfaces substantially parallel to the running surface, these contact surfaces being offset radially towards the inside relative to the running surface and offset radially relative to one another in the direction of the height of the stud, the offset with regard to height between two successive contact surfaces of one and the same stud being at least equal to 25% of the maximum height of t

Abstract: A tire comprising a tread having a tread pattern having a preferred running direction R. The tread pattern is formed by a plurality of blocks arranged in at least three rows of generally circumferential orientation, the axially outermost rows defining the edges of the tread enclosing at least one intermediate row of blocks. Each block has a block length L and a contact face delimiting, with the continuations of the lateral faces of the block, a complementary volume V with a virtual cylinder C, C? enveloping the block. The center of gravity G of the volume V is situated at a distance DG from the mid-plane M, M? of the block dividing the block into two substantially equal volumes.

Abstract: A tire comprising a tread having a tread pattern having a preferred running direction R. The tread pattern is formed by a plurality of blocks arranged in at least three rows of generally circumferential orientation, the axially outermost rows defining the edges of the tread enclosing at least one intermediate row of blocks. Each block has a block length L and a contact face delimiting, with the continuations of the lateral faces of the block, a complementary volume V with a virtual cylinder C, C′ enveloping the block. The center of gravity G of the volume V is situated at a distance DG from the mid-plane M, M′ of the block dividing the block into two substantially equal volumes.

Abstract: A tire includes, among the conventional tread pattern elements, at least one measuring element having a central zone and an encircling zone. In normal operation, the central zone 10 of a measuring element slides over the ground while, conversely, the tread as a whole does not slide over the ground. Measurements are carried out of the maximum adherence potential with the ground, at any moment, due to the central zone of a measuring element. In an alternative embodiment, the measuring element may comprise a circumferentially extending rib(s) or tread block(s) whose ground contact surface(s) is spaced at a lesser radial distance from the wheel axle than the spacing of the ground contact surfaces of the conventional tread blocks.

Abstract: Essentially spherical silica-based granular particulates, whether having a mean particle size of at least 300 &mgr;m and a density of from 0.15 to 0.32, or a mean particle size of from 80 &mgr;m to 400 &mgr;m and a density of at least 0.32, are well adapted as reinforcing filler material for a variety of elastomeric matrices, e.g., rubber.