Abstract: Electrochemical systems and methods of operating the systems are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method for operating an electrochemical system, comprises: forming hydrogen gas in an electrolysis cell, maintaining the hydrogen gas at a temperature sufficient to enable the filling of a hydrogen gas vessel at a rate that would fill a 5 kg vessel with the hydrogen gas in a period of time of less than or equal to about 10 minutes, and introducing the hydrogen gas to the hydrogen gas vessel.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are mobile hydrogen gas dispensing apparatus, and methods for dispensing hydrogen gas. In one embodiment, the mobile hydrogen gas dispensing apparatus comprises a first outlet and a second outlet. The first outlet comprises a first valve, a first hydrogen gas output port, a first nozzle, a first display panel in operable communication with the first hydrogen gas output port, and a first hose forming fluid communication between the first hydrogen output port and the first nozzle. The apparatus further comprises: an electrochemical cell disposed in fluid communication with the first outlet, and a mobile platform, wherein the first outlet and the electrochemical cell are mechanically connected to the mobile platform.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell system includes providing a fuel inlet stream into a fuel cell stack, operating the fuel cell stack to generate electricity and a hydrogen containing fuel exhaust stream, separating at least a portion of hydrogen contained in the fuel exhaust stream using partial pressure swing adsorption, and providing the hydrogen separated from the fuel exhaust stream to a hydrogen storage vessel or to a hydrogen using device.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrolysis cell system comprising a cell, a water source disposed in fluid communication with the cell, an electrical source disposed in electrical communication with the cell, and a cascade section disposed in fluid communication with the cell. The cascade section comprises a piping network configured to distribute fluid to a first storage zone, the first storage zone being in fluid communication with a second storage zone.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a hydrogen gas fueling system comprising at least two hydrogen gas storage zones disposed in fluid communication with the compressor, and a hydrogen gas dispensing section disposed in fluid communication with the cascade section. The method for storing and dispensing hydrogen comprises: compressing the hydrogen gas in a compressor, passing the compressed hydrogen gas to a cascade system comprising at least two zones in fluid communication with the compressor via an inlet valve, controlling the inlet valve based upon a first sensed system parameter, dispensing the hydrogen gas from the cascade section through an outlet valve, and controlling the outlet valve based upon a second sensed system parameter. When a zone pressure in a first zone from which the hydrogen gas is being dispensed decreases to below a desired dispensing pressure, dispensing can be ceased from the first zone and commenced from a second zone.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the method of dispensing hydrogen gas comprises: selecting a hydrogen gas pressure using a pressure selector disposed in operable communication with a hydrogen gas output port, dispensing hydrogen gas at the selected hydrogen gas pressure, ceasing a flow of hydrogen gas to the vessel, and removing the nozzle from fluid communication with the vessel. The nozzle is in fluid communication with a hose and the hydrogen gas output port to form a first outlet disposed in mechanical connection with a mobile platform. In yet another embodiment, the method of dispensing hydrogen gas comprises: producing the hydrogen gas in an electrolysis cell system, activating a hydrogen dispenser, dispensing the hydrogen gas to a vessel, and ceasing a flow of the hydrogen gas to the vessel. The hydrogen dispenser and the electrolysis cell system are on a mobile platform.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cascade system comprising a first zone disposed in fluid communication with a compressor configured to receive a fluid stream from a hydrogen gas source, and a second zone disposed in fluid communication with the compressor and with the first zone. The fluid communication of the first zone being such that the fluid stream is receivable from the compressor in response to a first control signal transmitted to a first controllable valve at the first zone. The fluid communication of the second zone being such that a fluid stream is receivable from the compressor and from the first zone in response to a second control signal transmitted to a second controllable valve at the second zone.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an electrochemical system, a hydrogen gas fueling system, a cascade system, and methods for using the same. The hydrogen gas fueling system comprises a multiple-stage compressor disposed in fluid communication with a hydrogen gas source, the compressor configured to cool hydrogen gas received at a stage of the compressor, a cascade section comprising at least two hydrogen gas storage zones disposed in fluid communication with the compressor at the outlet of the compressor, and a hydrogen gas dispensing section disposed in fluid communication with the cascade section.

Abstract: A solid oxide regenerative fuel cell system is used to supply power in a fuel cell mode and to generate metabolic oxygen and a hydrocarbon fuel reserve in an electrolysis mode. The system may also be used as a secondary power source or for energy peak shaving applications.

Abstract: A solid oxide regenerative fuel cell system is used to supply power in a fuel cell mode and to generate metabolic oxygen and a hydrocarbon fuel reserve in an electrolysis mode. The system may also be used as a secondary power source or for energy peak shaving applications.

Abstract: A Solid Oxide Regenerative Fuel Cell (SORFC) system stores waste heat from the fuel cell in a heat storage material during the discharge mode. The heat is then used to heat water to be electrolyzed during the charge mode.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell electrochemical system includes receiving at least one of a cost of electricity and a cost of fuel and adjusting at least one of an operating efficiency and throughput of the fuel cell based on the at least one of the received cost of electricity and the received cost of fuel.

Abstract: A high temperature electrochemical system, such as a solid oxide fuel cell system, generates hydrogen and optionally electricity in a fuel cell mode. At least a part of the generated hydrogen is separated and stored or provided to a hydrogen using device. A solid oxide regenerative fuel cell system stores carbon dioxide in a fuel cell mode. The system generates a methane fuel in an electrolysis mode from the stored carbon dioxide and water by using a Sabatier subsystem. Alternatively, the system generates a hydrogen fuel in an electrolysis mode from water alone.

Abstract: A solid oxide regenerative fuel cell system is used to supply power in a fuel cell mode and to generate metabolic oxygen and a hydrocarbon fuel reserve in an electrolysis mode. The system may also be used as a secondary power source or for energy peak shaving applications.

Abstract: A Solid Oxide Regenerative Fuel Cell (SORFC) system stores waste heat from the fuel cell in a heat storage material during the discharge mode. The heat is then used to heat water to be electrolyzed during the charge mode.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an electrochemical system, a hydrogen gas fueling system, a cascade system, and methods for using the same. The hydrogen gas fueling system comprises a multiple-stage compressor disposed in fluid communication with a hydrogen gas source, the compressor configured to cool hydrogen gas received at a stage of the compressor, a cascade section comprising at least two hydrogen gas storage zones disposed in fluid communication with the compressor at the outlet of the compressor, and a hydrogen gas dispensing section disposed in fluid communication with the cascade section.

Abstract: A ventilation system for an electrochemical cell includes a control unit, a sensor disposed in informational communication with the control unit, and a fan disposed in operable communication with the control unit. The sensor is configured to sense a condition within the ventilation system, and the fan is operable in response to information received at the sensor.

Abstract: Electrochemical systems and methods of operating the systems are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method for operating an electrochemical system, comprises: forming hydrogen gas in an electrolysis cell, maintaining the hydrogen gas at a temperature sufficient to enable the filling of a hydrogen gas vessel at a rate that would fill a 5 kg vessel with the hydrogen gas in a period of time of less than or equal to about 10 minutes, and introducing the hydrogen gas to the hydrogen gas vessel.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are mobile hydrogen gas dispensing apparatus, and methods for dispensing hydrogen gas. In one embodiment, the mobile hydrogen gas dispensing apparatus comprises a first outlet and a second outlet. The first outlet comprises a first valve, a first hydrogen gas output port, a first nozzle, a first display panel in operable communication with the first hydrogen gas output port, and a first hose forming fluid communication between the first hydrogen output port and the first nozzle. The apparatus further comprises: an electrochemical cell disposed in fluid communication with the first outlet, and a mobile platform, wherein the first outlet and the electrochemical cell are mechanically connected to the mobile platform.

Abstract: A lightweight, low permeability liner for graphite epoxy composite compressed gas storage vessels. The liner is composed of polymers that may or may not be coated with a thin layer of a low permeability material, such as silver, gold, or aluminum, deposited on a thin polymeric layer or substrate which is formed into a closed bladder using torispherical or near torispherical end caps, with or without bosses therein, about which a high strength to weight material, such as graphite epoxy composite shell, is formed to withstand the storage pressure forces. The polymeric substrate may be laminated on one or both sides with additional layers of polymeric film. The liner may be formed to a desired configuration using a dissolvable mandrel or by inflation techniques and the edges of the film seamed by heat sealing.