Abstract: Liquid coolant is directed across the rake surface of a tool bit while machining a material which tends to form a continuous chip. The pressure and volume are sufficient to impact the chip and break it up into small fragments. Pressures of 1400 kPa (200 psi) and higher are used while machining titanium and nickel alloys.

Abstract: A ceramic insert for a tool holder is in the shape of a tapered cylinder wherein the diameter increases outwardly along the insert length, from a first end to a second end. The second or upper end of the insert has a bevel around its circumference; the intersection of the bevel and tapered sidewall of the cylinder provide a cutting edge which has a negative rake and relief angle which are desirably constant around the insert. Thus the insert may be mounted on a neutral plane in a tool holder and a tool will cut equally well in any direction along a 180.degree. arc. Various engagement and clamping means are used to hold the insert in place in the tool holder.

Abstract: A semiconductor encapsulation of the chip carrier type has a collar-like protective housing member which encompasses the periphery of the chip carrier from which external lead members protrude. The protective housing member has a mating surface with a portion of the surface of the carrier. The interior of the protective housing member has recesses which accommodate the lead members singly, thus precluding their deformation.

Abstract: 1.