Abstract: A machine for conditioning granular materials includes a dual section chamber through which a transport belt travels and in the first chamber of which are a pair of closely spaced counter-rotating heads so driven that the material is moved toward the narrow gap between the heads. The shafts on which the heads are mounted extend upwardly, are parallel and also are inclined upwardly at a minor angle to the vertical in an upstream direction with respect to the direction of movement of material through the equipment. Each head is equipped with blades of two different designs to perform different functions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the concentration of chemical species in solution. The method involves passing the solution through a cell containing an ion-selective electrode. Measurement is carried out following suppression of interfering materials, under turbulent flow conditions. The apparatus preferably includes microprocessor controlled instrumentation and is particularly useful for the on-line determination of the concentration of copper(II) ions in electrolyte solutions.