Abstract: An attitude sensor for determining camera orientation comprises gravity responsive means supported for movement to various positions in accordance with changes in camera orientation and fixed means for determining the gravity responsive means has moved to anyone of its positions. The gravity responsive means includes a plurality of discrete sections which have different degrees of light reflectivity or light transmissivity and are arranged to alternately occupy a predetermined location when the gravity responsive means is moved to respective ones of its positions. The fixed means includes photo-emitting means for directing light to whichever one of the discrete sections of the gravity responsive is occupying the predetermined location and photo-responsive means for providing a measure of light reflected from or transmitted by that one section.

Abstract: In a flyback type self-oscillating DC-to-DC converter, a voltage sensing means indirectly senses the storage capacitor voltage and indicates when the voltage across a storage capacitor has been charged to a predetermined charged value. The voltage sensing means comprises a voltage dividing resistor having a tap intermediate the ends thereof and being connected across a primary winding of a coupled inductor of the DC-to-DC converter. The voltage across the primary winding corresponds to a voltage on the storage capacitor according to the turns ratio of the primary winding to a secondary winding during a measurement period, the measurement period having first and second portions. A comparing means compares a voltage at the tap of the voltage dividing resistor with a predetermined reference voltage and provides an output signal having first and second conditions when the tap voltage is below or above, respectively, the predetermined reference voltage.