Abstract: The invention relates to a method for suppressing the formation of oxygen gas bubbles at the contact interface between a glass melt and a component of a glass melting arrangement with this component being made of a precious metal. This component is especially the precious metal lining of a feed channel. The characterization “precious metal” includes in this context: platinum, gold, rhenium, all other metals of the platinum group, the alloys of the above-mentioned metals and the above-mentioned metals and alloys in dispersion oxide enhanced form. The occurrence of gas bubbles at the phase boundary between precious metal and the glass melt has been known for some time without effective measures having been suggested up until now to improve significantly the quality and yield of the generated glass products, particularly because precious metal parts have to be arranged in the glass manufacture downstream of the usual purification devices with which gas bubbles can be removed from the melt.

Abstract: The method of electrochemical determination of oxygen partial pressure in ionic melts includes providing a metal/metal oxide reference electrode consisting of an electrode body made of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Hf, Nb and Ta and alloys thereof and a layer of an oxide of that metal on the electrode body; immersing a pure platinum electrode and the metal/metal oxide reference electrode in a glass melt; measuring a potential across the metal/metal oxide reference electrode and the pure platinum electrode immersed in the glass melt to obtain a measured potential characteristic of the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt; obtaining a calibration curve relating the potential across said reference electrode and the pure platinum electrode to the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt as a function of temperature; and obtaining the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt from the measured potential and the calibration curve.

Abstract: For charging an electrochromic layered package with hydrogen and for applying a backing to a layered package comprising a transparent substrate plate disposed on the front, at least two electrodes, where, of these two electrodes, the first electrode after this substrate plate (first electrode) is a transparent electrode, at least one electrochromic layer, a hydrogen-storing layer, a hydrogen ion-conducting layer and a backing which seals the layered package and directly follows the second of the two electrodes, an electrochromic layered system is initially, before application of the backing and after application of the second electrode, which is to be followed by the backing, electrolytically charged, in a first step, with hydrogen from a hydrogen ion-containing electrolyte solution and, in a second step, a metal layer is deposited reductively, preferably electrolytically, as a backing which provides sealing against H.sub.2 loss and H.sub.

Abstract: In an electrochromatic, transparent layer system comprising at least one electrochromatic layer (2), two electrodes (3, 5) separated by a hydrogen ion supplying layer which simultaneously is a hydrogen ion storing layer (4), there is located, seen in the direction of light incidence through the layer system, a further hydrogen ion conducting layer (6) (e.g. of SiO.sub.2) behind the electrode (5), behind which a further electrode (7) is arranged. The electrode (7) is capable of oxidizing hydrogen diffusing from within the system into hydrogen ions. For this purpose, a protective voltage is applied between electrode (5) and electrode (7) such that the third electrode (7) forms the positive pole.