Abstract: A method for detecting the quantity of gas (m) supplied by a gas supply device to an antechamber of an internal combustion engine. The method includes causing a targeted disturbance (?u) of the gas quantity (m) supplied by the gas supply device, and measuring a change (?T) resulting from the target disturbance (?u) in an exhaust gas temperature (T) of an exhaust gas generated in a combustion chamber connected to the antechamber. The method includes comparing the change (?T) with a target value of the change (?Ttarget) of the exhaust gas temperature (T) to obtain a comparison, and deducing the gas quantity (m) supplied by the gas supply based on the comparison.

Abstract: A method for operating a spark ignited engine, including forming a combustible mixture by mixing generally homogeneously a first fuel and air and introducing this mixture into the at least one cylinder in an intake stroke, and compressing the combustible mixture with a piston in a compression stroke thereby introducing a part of the combustible mixture into a pre-chamber. During the intake and/or the compression stroke, a second fuel is introduced into the pre-chamber at an introduction-time before start of combustion, and the second fuel is of the same or different chemical composition and/or concentration with respect to the first fuel, and a spark ignites in the prechamber. An amount of second fuel and/or the chemical composition of second fuel introduced to the pre-chamber and/or spark timing of the pre-chamber and/or an in-cylinder charge temperature is chosen such that a desired duration of combustion can be achieved.

Abstract: A method includes forming a combustible mixture by mixing generally homogeneously a first fuel and air and introducing this mixture into a cylinder, compressing the combustible mixture with a piston in a compression stroke, introducing a second fuel into a prechamber at an introduction-time before start of combustion thus creating a prechamber charge, in which the second fuel being of the same or different chemical composition and/or concentration with respect to the first fuel, and spark igniting the prechamber charge. Emission of the cylinder and/or mechanical stress of the cylinder caused by the combustion are monitored. If emissions and/or mechanical stress are above respective predetermined thresholds, individually for the at least one cylinder, the chemical composition and/or the amount of second fuel introduced into the prechamber, and/or temperature of the cylinder charge and/or spark timing, are changed.

Abstract: A method for detecting the quantity of gas (m) which is supplied by means of a gas supply device to an antechamber of an internal combustion engine, whereby a targeted disturbance (?u) of the gas quantity (m) supplied by the gas supply device is performed and a change (?T) resulting from the target disturbance (?u) in an exhaust gas temperature (T) of an exhaust gas generated in a combustion chamber connected to the antechamber is measured, whereby, by comparison with a target value of the change (?Ttarget) of the exhaust gas temperature (T), the gas quantity (m) supplied by means of the gas supply device is deduced.

Abstract: A method of operating an internal combustion engine, whereby a quantity of an exhaust gas remaining in combustion chambers of the internal combustion engine is varied, whereby the quantity of remaining exhaust gas is varied by controlling or regulating an exhaust-gas backpressure (poutlet) adjacent to outlet valves of the combustion chambers of a turbo-compound system arranged in an exhaust pipe of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine, in particular a stationary gas engine, includes a combustion chamber to which a propellant can be fed from a first propellant source via a combustion chamber pipe, and a pre-combustion chamber to which a flushing gas can be fed via a flushing gas pipe. A flushing gas mixer, in which a propellant to be fed via a propellant pipe from the first propellant source or from a second propellant source, and a synthesis gas to be fed via a synthesis gas pipe, can be mixed is provided. A mixer outlet opens into the flushing gas pipe, and the synthesis gas can be generated by a reformer to which a fuel can be fed from a fuel source via a reformer feed pipe. The reformer outlet of the reformer opens into the synthesis gas pipe, and a cooling device for cooling the synthesis gas is provided.

Abstract: A method for operating a compression ignition engine includes forming a combustible mixture by mixing generally homogeneously a first fuel and air and introducing this mixture into the at least one cylinder, compressing the combustible mixture with the piston in a compression stroke, injecting a second fuel to the combustible mixture at an injection-time of the second fuel during the compression stroke but before start of combustion, and continuing the compression stroke until combustion starts at those locations in the at least one cylinder where concentration of the second fuel is highest and/or the temperature of the mixture is the highest. Emission of the cylinder and/or mechanical stress of the cylinder caused by the combustion are monitored, and if emissions and/or mechanical stress are above respective predetermined thresholds, individually for the cylinder, the amount and/or the timing of the second fuel injected, and/or temperature of the cylinder charge is changed.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes one main combustion chamber for the combustion of a first combustion mixture, one pre-combustion chamber for each respective main combustion chamber for the combustion of a second combustion mixture, a first fuel gas mixer for providing the first combustion mixture, a second fuel gas mixer for providing the second combustion mixture, an air feed line and a synthesis gas feed line, a first mixture line connected to the first fuel gas mixer and the main combustion chamber, and a second mixture line connected to the second fuel gas mixer and the pre-combustion chamber. The first fuel gas mixer is connected to the synthesis gas feed line for the admixing of synthesis gas, and an open or closed loop control device is provided for open or closed loop controlling mixing ratios of fuel, air and synthesis gas in the first combustion mixture and/or second combustion mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating at least one precombustion chamber-fired internal combustion engine, in particular a stationary gas Otto cycle engine, having a pilot chamber and a main combustion chamber associated with the precombustion chamber, wherein a gas mixture is fed to the precombustion chamber as flushing gas, wherein a synthesis gas generated in a fuel reformer and a fuel from a fuel source are fed to the flushing gas and wherein a fuel and at least one further substance stream are fed to the fuel reformer for the reforming process, wherein at least one operating parameter of the at least one internal combustion engine is monitored, wherein in accordance with a change in the at least one operating parameter the chemical composition of the flushing gas is modified by changing the mass stream of the at least one further substance stream.

Abstract: A method of operating an internal combustion engine-reformer installation having an internal combustion engine and a reformer, includes predetermining at least one parameter of the internal combustion engine, calculating a desired amount of fuel for the reformer on the basis of the at least one parameter, feeding the desired amount of fuel to the reformer, reforming fuel to give a synthesis gas in the reformer, and feeding the synthesis gas to the internal combustion engine. A synthesis gas pressure of the synthesis gas downstream of the reformer is measured, and the synthesis gas pressure is taken into consideration when calculating the desired amount of fuel.

Abstract: A method for operating a spark ignited engine, including forming a combustible mixture by mixing generally homogeneously a first fuel and air and introducing this mixture into the at least one cylinder in an intake stroke, and compressing the combustible mixture with a piston in a compression stroke thereby introducing a part of the combustible mixture into a pre-chamber. During the intake and/or the compression stroke, a second fuel is introduced into the pre-chamber at an introduction-time before start of combustion, and the second fuel is of the same or different chemical composition and/or concentration with respect to the first fuel, and a spark ignites in the prechamber. An amount of second fuel and/or the chemical composition of second fuel introduced to the pre-chamber and/or spark timing of the pre-chamber and/or an in-cylinder charge temperature is chosen such that a desired duration of combustion can be achieved.

Abstract: A method includes forming a combustible mixture by mixing generally homogeneously a first fuel and air and introducing this mixture into a cylinder, compressing the combustible mixture with a piston in a compression stroke, introducing a second fuel into a prechamber at an introduction-time before start of combustion thus creating a prechamber charge, in which the second fuel being of the same or different chemical composition and/or concentration with respect to the first fuel, and spark igniting the prechamber charge. Emission of the cylinder and/or mechanical stress of the cylinder caused by the combustion are monitored. If emissions and/or mechanical stress are above respective predetermined thresholds, individually for the at least one cylinder, the chemical composition and/or the amount of second fuel introduced into the prechamber, and/or temperature of the cylinder charge and/or spark timing , are changed.

Abstract: A pre-chamber system for an internal combustion engine, in particular for a gas engine, includes a pre-chamber volume in which an ignitable fuel-air mixture can be fired by an ignition device which can be arranged at the pre-chamber system. The pre-chamber system has a flow transfer passage by which the pre-chamber volume can be connected to a main combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. The pre-chamber volume includes an ignition region and a flow transfer region which is at least portion-wise delimited from the ignition region by an intermediate wall. The fuel-air mixture can be fired in the ignition region, and the flow transfer passage opens into the flow transfer region and there is provided an air feed passage. Preferably compressed air can be fed to the flow transfer region by way of the air feed passage.

Abstract: A laser spark plug for an internal combustion engine, in particular for a gas engine, includes a laser crystal integrated into the laser spark plug and a combustion chamber optical unit. Laser light pulses issuing from the laser crystal can be coupled by way of the combustion chamber optical unit into a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. An optical laser light sensor is integrated into the laser spark plug, and the combustion chamber optical unit is provided with a preferably curved reflection surface which faces towards the laser light sensor and has a reflective mirroring. At least a part of a laser light reflected at the reflection surface during the duration of a laser light pulse can be detected by the laser light sensor.

Abstract: A method of operating a compression ignition engine uses an engine having a cylinder and a piston moveable in the cylinder. The method includes forming a combustible mixture by mixing generally homogeneously a first fuel and air and introducing this mixture into the at least one cylinder, and compressing the combustible mixture with the piston in a compression stroke. During the compression stroke but before start of combustion, a second fuel is added to the combustible mixture, thus creating a cylinder charge, the second fuel being easier to autoignite than the first fuel. The compression stroke is continued until combustion starts at those locations in the cylinder where concentration of the second fuel and/or temperature of the mixture is highest. A temperature of the cylinder charge and/or the amount of second fuel added to the combustible mixture is chosen such that a desired duration of combustion can be achieved.

Abstract: A method for operating a compression ignition engine includes forming a combustible mixture by mixing generally homogeneously a first fuel and air and introducing this mixture into the at least one cylinder, compressing the combustible mixture with the piston in a compression stroke, injecting a second fuel to the combustible mixture at an injection-time of the second fuel during the compression stroke but before start of combustion, and continuing the compression stroke until combustion starts at those locations in the at least one cylinder where concentration of the second fuel is highest and/or the temperature of the mixture is the highest. Emission of the cylinder and/or mechanical stress of the cylinder caused by the combustion are monitored, and if emissions and/or mechanical stress are above respective predetermined thresholds, individually for the cylinder, the amount and/or the timing of the second fuel injected, and/or temperature of the cylinder charge is changed.

Abstract: A method for producing a cationic liposomal preparation comprising a lipophilic active compound with physical and chemical stability during manufacturing, storing and reconstituting, and further a cationic liposomal preparation obtainable by this method as well as specific cationic liposomal preparations as well as pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed.

Abstract: A laser ignition plug, comprising a pumped light source and a longitudinally pumped laser resonator, which are each arranged in the housing of the laser ignition plug, characterized by a cooling air inlet, a cooling air outlet and a cooling region connecting the cooling air inlet with the cooling air outlet, wherein the cooling region is surrounding the pumped light source at least in certain sectors.

Abstract: An exhaust-gas cleaning device for an internal combustion engine has a catalytic converter arrangement. The catalytic converter arrangement includes, along the flow direction, a plurality of catalytically active regions which are, in particular, independent of one another. A heat dissipation device includes a heat absorbing device and one heat sink. The heat absorbing device is provided between at least two catalytically active regions. The heat absorbing device is connected to the heat sink. The exhaust-gas cleaning device includes a plurality of catalytic converter arrangements, an, in particular tubular, inner housing with a housing cover, and an outer housing which encloses the inner housing. The inner housing has a longitudinal axis, and the catalytic converter arrangements are arranged separately from one another on the housing cover of the inner housing.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine reformer installation comprises an internal combustion engine, a mixing device having a first feed conduit for a first substance flow and a second feed conduit for a second substance flow, wherein a mixture can be produced from the first and second substance flows in the mixing device, a reformer for reforming the mixture to afford a synthesis gas, a mixture conduit connected to the mixing device and the reformer, and a synthesis gas feed conduit connected to the reformer and the internal combustion engine. A first heat exchanger in heat-coupling relationship with the first feed conduit and a second heat exchanger in heat-coupling relationship with the second feed conduit are arranged in the synthesis gas feed conduit.