Abstract: The disclosure provides an electronic device, including a circuit board, multiple semiconductor components, a first light reflecting structure, and a second light reflecting structure. The circuit board includes a substrate, and the substrate may have a first surface and at least one side surface. The multiple semiconductor components are disposed on the first surface. The first light reflecting structure is disposed on the first surface. The second light reflecting structure is disposed on the first surface and the at least one side surface.

Abstract: A comparison device for comparing test pattern files of a wafer tester includes a storage unit and a processing unit. The comparison device stores a first to-be-compared file and a second to-be-compared file into the storage unit. The processing unit reads the first to-be-compared file and the second to-be-compared file from the storage unit to process and executes comparison operation, so as to generate a comparison result. The comparison operation compares the words in a first section of the first to-be-compared file with the words in a second section of the second to-be-compared file in a one-to-one manner, wherein, if the first section ending point is not the end of the first to-be-compared file or the second section ending point is not the end of the second to-be-compared file, the processing unit resets the first section and the second section, and executes comparison operation again.

Abstract: A comparison device for comparing test pattern files of a wafer tester includes a storage unit and a processing unit. The comparison device stores a first to-be-compared file and a second to-be-compared file into the storage unit. The processing unit reads the first to-be-compared file and the second to-be-compared file from the storage unit to process and executes comparison operation, so as to generate a comparison result. The comparison operation compares the words in a first section of the first to-be-compared file with the words in a second section of the second to-be-compared file in a one-to-one manner, wherein, if the first section ending point is not the end of the first to-be-compared file or the second section ending point is not the end of the second to-be-compared file, the processing unit resets the first section and the second section, and executes comparison operation again.

Abstract: A comparison device for comparing test pattern files of a wafer tester includes a storage unit and a processing unit. The comparison device stores a first to-be-compared file and a second to-be-compared file into the storage unit. The first to-be-compared file and the second to-be-compared file are text files respectively. The processing unit reads the first to-be-compared file and the second to-be-compared file from the storage unit to process and executes comparison operation, so as to generate a comparison result. The comparison operation is to compare the words in a first section of the first to-be-compared file with the words in a second section of the second to-be-compared file in a one-to-one manner.

Abstract: The invention provides novel electrophoretic methods for high-resolution separation and high-sensitivity detection of nucleic acids. The methods involve the use of a high-resolution buffer and a counter-migrating high-affinity intercalating dye in an electrophoresis system to achieve superior separation and detection of nucleic acids. A kit for separation and detection of nucleic acids in a sample by electrophoresis is also provided. The kit comprises a gel buffer containing a high-resolution intercalating dye with a resolution of at least 2.0 between the 271-bp and 282-bp ?X 171 HAIII nucleic acid fragments nucleic acid fragments; and a high-affinity intercalating dye having a positive charge and DNA affinity constant of at least 106M?1.

Abstract: The invention provides novel electrophoretic methods for high-resolution separation and high-sensitivity detection of nucleic acids. The methods involve the use of a high-resolution buffer and a counter-migrating high-affinity intercalating dye in an electrophoresis system to achieve superior separation and detection of nucleic acids. A kit for separation and detection of nucleic acids in a sample by electrophoresis is also provided. The kit comprises a gel buffer containing a high-resolution intercalating dye with a resolution of at least 2.0 between the 271-bp and 282-bp &phgr;X 171 HAIII nucleic acid fragments nucleic acid fragments; and a high-affinity intercalating dye having a positive charge and DNA affinity constant of at least 106M−1.

Abstract: The separation of enantiomeric pairs of compounds by capillary electrophoresis using highly sulfated &agr;-, &bgr;-, and &ggr;-cyclodextrins as chiral selectors is described herein. These charged cyclodextrins have a higher degree of sulfation and narrower heterogeneity than previous cyclodextrin derivatives. CE analyses using highly sulfated cyclodextrins produce improved resolution of a wide variety of chiral drugs, particulaly neutral compounds and amines. The highly sulfated &agr;-,&bgr;-, and &ggr;-cyclodextrins produce separations which complement each other to further expand the number of neutral and basic drugs that can be resolved by capillary electrophorsis.

Abstract: Homogeneous competitive immunoassay methods for simultaneously detecting analytes using capillary electrophoresis and fluorescent detection systems are described. The methods are useful for detecting and/or quantitating the concentration of a plurality of drugs of abuse in a single urine sample using a single assay method.

Abstract: Homogeneous immunoassays and enzyme-substrate assays which use capillary electrophoresis and fluoescent detection systems are described. The method is useful for detecting and/or quantitating the concentration of analytes in a sample.

Abstract: Processes for the electrophoretic analysis of monosaccharides and/or polysaccharides are disclosed. The processes generally first include providing a composition having derivatized mono and/or polysaccharide components which are monosaccharide and/or polysaccharide labelled with a fluorescing charged compound. Then introducing the composition into an electrophoretic medium and applying an electric field across the electrophoretic medium causes the derivatized monosaccharide and/or polysaccharide components to differentially migrate within the electrophoretic medium. Then detecting the derivatized monosaccharide and/or polysaccharide components is accomplished by laser exciting the derivatized monosaccharide and/or polysaccharide components and monitoring fluorescent emission of the derivatized monosaccharide and/or polysaccharide components. The processes provide extremely low detection limits of the labelled components.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are buffers and methodologies for the capillary zone electrophoretic analysis of hemoglobin and the variants of hemoglobin. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the buffer comprises at least about 100 mM of barbituric acid, derivatives of barbituric acid, combinations of barbituric acid and derivatives of barbituric acid, and combinations of the derivatives of barbituric acid, and has a pH of at least about 8.0.

Abstract: Ionic species and method for the quantitation of sample constituents utilizing capillary zone electrophoresis analysis are disclosed. As disclosed, at least one ionic species having a charge density of betwen about 0.02 and about 0.001 is added to the sample. Benzoic acid is a preferred ionic species. Quantitation of a sample constituent can be derived by normalizing the constituent species with the ionic species.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a methodology for analyzing isoenzymes using capillary zone electrophoresis ("CZE") techniques. Briefly, an isoenzyme-containing sample and a substrate capable of being catalyzed by said isoenzyme into a reaction product are introduced into a capillary column comprising a buffer. Most preferably, the buffer contains the substrate prior to introduction of the sample into such substrate-buffer. CZE separation techniques are applied to the column such that the isoenzymes are separated from each other into discrete zones. The separation techniques are terminated such that product is rapidly generated by the catalytic conversion of substrate by the isoenzymes, and accumulated, within each discrete zone, followed by detection of product. Information regarding the relative distribution of the isoenzymes can be derived from the relative distribution of the product.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a dynamic coating buffer useful in the analysis of samples by open-tube capillary electrtophoretic methods using untreated fused silica capillary columns. The dynamic coating buffer comprises at least one agent having at least two dissociation constants, and high ionic strength characteristics, said agent having a molarity range of from about 0.2M and about 1.0M and a pH range of from between about 3.0 and 11.0. A particularly preferred dynamic coating buffer comprises 0.5M sodium phosphate.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methodologies for the Capillary Electrophoretic Immunosubtraction ("CEI") of samples. In a preferred embodiment, CEI of a sample comprising constituent parts to be separated comprises the steps of: (1) separating a first aliquot of the sample into constituent parts by capillary electrophoretic techniques, and detecting said parts; (2) admixing a second aliquot of said sample with at least one specific binding partner to a constituent of said sample, said specific binding partner capable of being substantially removed from said aliquot; (3) separating said second aliquot into constituent parts by capillary electrophoretic techniques and detecting said parts; and (4) comparing the separated constituent parts of step (3) with the separated constituent parts of step (1).

Abstract: Disclosed herein are buffers and methodologies for the capillary zone electrophoretic analysis of hemoglobin and the variants of hemoglobin. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the buffer comprises at least about 100 mM of barbituric acid, derivatives of barbituric acid, combinations of barbituric acid and the derivatives of barbituric acid, and combinations of the derivatives of barbituric acid, and has a pH of at least about 8.0.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a methodology for analyzing isoenzymes using capillary zone electrophoresis ("CZE") techniques. Briefly, an isoenzyme-containing sample and a substrate capable of being catalyzed by said isoenzyme into a reaction product are introduced into a capillary column comprising a buffer. Most preferably, the buffer contains the substrate prior to introduction of the sample into such substrate-buffer. CZE separation techniques are applied to the column such that the isoenzymes are separated from each other into discrete zones. The separation techniques are terminated such that product is rapidly generated by the catalytic conversion of substrate by the isoenzymes, and accumulated, within each discrete zone, followed by detection of product. Information regarding the relative distribution of the isoenzymes can be derived from the relative distribution of the product.

Abstract: External markers and method for the identification of protein-and-peptide-containing samples utilizing capillary electrophoresis analysis. As disclosed, at least two external markers are added to the sample: one of the markers is a neutral charge species and one of the markers is an ionic species. Dimethylformamide is a preferred neutral charge species and benzoic acid is a preferred ionic species. Identification of constituent species is determined by comparing the migration ratios of the constituent species with migration ratios for each constituent species member.

Abstract: Method and electrolyte buffer useful in the analysis of samples comprising glycoproteins by capillary zone electrophoresis. The buffer comprises at least one agent capable of complexing with sugar moieties of glycoproteins. The buffer preferably further comprises at least one pH modifier. An embodiment of the buffer comprises boric acid as the complexing agent and sodium hydroxide as the pH modifier.