Abstract: A light source section outputs optical flux having two types of wavelength, which are a short wavelength and a long wavelength, while the intensity is made variable. The output from the first light intensity detecting section in irradiating the optical flux having a short wavelength is compared with the output from the first light intensity detecting section in irradiating the optical flux having a long wavelength. A disappearance level near a point where the detected signal from the internal subject disappears is calculated. The first intensity of optical flux having a long wavelength is set to level higher than the disappearance level. Based on the output from the first light intensity detecting section obtained by the optical flux having a long wavelength of the first intensity, a subject inside the body to be detected is measured.

Abstract: A light source section outputs optical flux having two types of wavelength, which are a short wavelength and a long wavelength, while the intensity is made variable. The optical flux is made incident to a detected surface of a body to be detected at a predetermined incident angle simultaneously or alternatively. Based on a type of optical flux outputted from the light source section and an output from a first light intensity detecting section, at least the intensity of the optical flux having a long wavelength outputted from the light source section is adjusted. The output from the first light intensity detecting section in irradiating the optical flux having a short wavelength is compared with the output from the first light intensity detecting section in irradiating the optical flux having a long wavelength.

Abstract: Only suspension type superheaters (52) and (53) are disposed in an outlet of a furnace. These superheaters have heat transfer areas which are so dimensioned that an exhaust gas temperature at downstream of the superheaters is 1000.degree. C. to 1100.degree. C. when the boiler is under a maximum load. An exhaust gas passage downstream of the superheaters (52) and (53) is divided into sub passages along a flow of an exhaust gas, and a damper is disposed in an outlet of each of the sub passages for adjusting a flow rate of the exhaust gas flowing through the respective sub passages. A traverse type reheater (41) is disposed in the sub passage. Since a difference between a temperature (1000.degree. C. to 1100.degree. C.) of the exhaust gas flowing around the reheater (41) and a temperature of steam flowing through the reheater (41) is large, heat exchange can be performed with a high efficiency even through a small heat transfer area.

Abstract: A low-NOx boiler comprises a burner for burning gaseous fuel, heat transfer pipes heating water by combustion heat of the burner to generate steam and having a passage through which water flows, a steam drum communicating with the heat transfer pipe and accumulating the steam from the heat transfer pipe, and an exhaust gas duct located in the furnace to exhaust combustion gas generated by combustion of gaseous fuel outside of the boiler. The boiler further comprises unburnt gas burner in the exhaust gas duct for burning unburnt content in the combustion gas flowing in the duct. The unburnt gas burner includes a nozzle for injecting premixture flow of fuel and combustion air and flame holding plate located near the downstream side of the outlet of the nozzle to interrupt the premixture flow to form a circulating flow on downstream side of the flame holding plate. As gaseous fuel and air are mixed in advance and a flame is formed, the flame length can be shortened.

Abstract: A method of combusting a coal-water mixture fuel. The mixture is atomized into a conically-shaped primary pre-combustion chamber. Primary air is supplied, at a rate smaller than that required for complete burning of the mixture and in the form of a swirl about the axis of the jet of the atomized mixture, from the peripheral portion of the primary pre-combustion chamber into a secondary pre-combustion chamber connected to said primary pre-combustion chamber, thus forming a region of low pressure around the jet of the mixture. The region of low pressure serves to induce the atmosphere gas from the secondary pre-combustion chamber of higher temperature back into the primary pre-combustion chamber of a lower temperature, so that the water content of the mixture is evaporated and the mixture is ignited by the heat of the hot atmosphere gas.