Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly includes an anode catalyst layer, a cathode catalyst layer, and a polymeric blend proton exchange membrane interposed between the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer. The polymeric blend proton exchange membrane includes a scaffold polymer and a polyacid polymer. The polyacid polymer being formed from a polyacid polymer precursor. Characteristically, the scaffold polymer and the polyacid polymer precursor have matching solubility parameters.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly includes an anode catalyst layer, a cathode catalyst layer, and a polymeric blend proton exchange membrane interposed between the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer. The polymeric blend proton exchange membrane includes a scaffold polymer and a polyacid polymer. The polyacid polymer being formed from a polyacid polymer precursor. Characteristically, the scaffold polymer and the polyacid polymer precursor have matching solubility parameters.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A light generating plasma is produced inside a partially transparent barrier enclosure made specifically of N-Type semiconductive material, said plasma thus generating a thermal gradient across said barrier which drives electrons through said barrier via the thermoelectric power of said N-Type semiconductor, said electrons thus being liberated on the opposing side of said barrier where they interact with oxygen in the air to form the superoxide ion, O2?, and a second electrode on said opposing being at a critical minimum negative bias potential to quench collateral production of positive ions and ensuring production only of negative, O2?, ions, and said light emanating from said plasma being useful visible light when it is transmitted through said barrier and into the region outside of said enclosure.

Abstract: A plasma is generated inside a barrier enclosure made specifically of N-Type semiconductive material, said plasma thus generating a thermal gradient across said barrier which drives electrons through said barrier via the thermoelectric power of said N-Type semiconductor, said electrons thus being liberated on the opposing side of said barrier where they interact with oxygen in the air to form the superoxide ion, O2?, and a second electrode on said opposing being at a critical minimum negative bias potential to quench collateral production of positive ions and ensuring production only of negative, O2?, ions.

Abstract: An efficient and environmentally beneficial method of recycling and producing methanol from varied sources of carbon dioxide including flue gases of fossil fuel burning powerplants, industrial exhaust gases or the atmosphere itself. Converting carbon dioxide by chemical or electrochemical reduction secondary treatment to produce essentially methanol, dimethyl ether and derived products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing methanol from a methane source by oxidizing methane under conditions sufficient to a mixture of methanol and formaldehyde while minimizing the formation of formic acid and carbon dioxide. The oxidation step is followed by treatment step in which formaldehyde is converted into methanol and formic acid which itself can further be converted into methanol via catalytic hydrogenation of intermediately formed methyl formate.

Abstract: An environmentally beneficial method of producing methanol from varied sources of carbon dioxide including flue gases of fossil fuel burning powerplants, industrial exhaust gases or the atmosphere itself. Converting carbon dioxide by electrochemical reduction produces formic acid acid and some formaldehyde and methanol mixtures. The formic acid can be used as source of carbon as well as hydrogen to produce methanol, dimethyl ether and other products.

Abstract: A liquid organic, fuel cell is provided which employs a solid electrolyte membrane. An organic fuel, such as a methanol/water mixture, is circulated past an anode of a cell while oxygen or air is circulated past a cathode of the cell. The cell solid electrolyte membrane is preferably fabricated from Nafion™. Additionally, a method for improving the performance of carbon electrode structures for use in organic fuel cells is provided wherein a high surface-area carbon particle/Teflon™-binder structure is immersed within a Nafion™/methanol bath to impregnate the electrode with Nafion™. A method for fabricating an anode for use in a organic fuel cell is described wherein metal alloys are deposited onto the electrode in an electro-deposition solution containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. A fuel additive containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid for use with fuel cells employing a sulfuric acid electrolyte is also disclosed.

Abstract: (Benzenesulfonyl)difluoromethyl anion, in situ generated from difluoromethyl phenyl sulfone and a base, was found to easily undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions (SN2) with primary alkyl halides, elemental halogens, and perfluoroalkyl halides with good selectivity. The formed (benzenesufonyl)difluoromethylalkanes are useful intermediates for the facile preparation of 1,1-difluoro-1-alkenes and difluorometbylalkanes. Thus, difluoromethyl phenyl sulfone acts as both “CF2?” and “CF2H?” synthons.

Abstract: Coating materials for coating the electrodes of a fuel cell are disclosed. In one embodiment, the coating materials comprise perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids having the general formula F3C—(CF2)n—SO3H, wherein n ranges from 8 to 17. In another embodiment, the coating materials comprise perfluoroalkanesulfonimides having the general formula CnF2n+1SO2NHO2SF2m+1Cm, wherein the sum of m and n ranges from 8 to 17. These long chain sulfonic acids and imides impart improved electrode performance and decrease polarization.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a convenient method of synthesizing radiolabeled ?-trifluoromethyl ketones by a fluorination reaction. The present invention also relates to imaging agents and markers for identifying cell proliferation, or viral infection. The markers and imaging agents including the radiolabeled ?-trifluoromethyl ketones that are prepared by the present method.

Abstract: A pyrene based compound and its use in an organic light emitting device (OLED) according to the following formula: In the above formula, Z1 represents a hydrogen atom, deuterium atom, oxygen atom, silicon atom, selenium atom, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl amine or a combination thereof, and Z2 represents a hydrogen or deuterium atom. One of Y1 and Y2 represents a hydrogen atom, deuterium atom, oxygen atom, silicon atom, selenium atom, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl amine or a combination thereof, and the other of Y1 and Y2 represents a hydrogen or deuterium atom. X1 through X6 independently represent hydrogen atoms, deuterium atoms, alkyl groups or aryl groups, and at least one of X1 through X6 represents a bulky alkyl group or bulky aryl group.

Abstract: A process is provided for hydrocracking a heavy oil bitumen and chemically related feedstock. The process comprises reacting said feedstock with a gaseous superacid in the presence of hydrogen with or without the use of a hydrogen transfer agent to thereby yield lower boiling point distillates.