Abstract: A method of forming a tubular structure including a first tube and a second tube. The steps of the method include first successively depositing layers of a first material and at least partially melting at least a portion of each deposited layer of the first material at predetermined locations to form the first tube. Second, successively depositing layers of a second material and at least partially melting at least a portion of each deposited layer of the second material at additional predetermined locations to form the second tube, wherein the second tube is attached to the first tube at an intersection. Additionally, at least partially melting steps include forming portions of a plurality of segments, and the first tube and the second tube share segments of the plurality of segments at their intersection.

Abstract: A three-dimensional structure is formed when layers of a material are deposited onto a substrate and scanned with a high energy beam to at least partially melt each layer of the material. Upon scanning the layers at predetermined locations a tube device having a first tube and a second tube intersected with the first tube is formed.

Abstract: An implant is produced by fabricating first and second layers. The first layer of repeated and truncated building units is fused together to define pores. The second layer of repeated and truncated building units are fused together to define pores and fused onto the first layer of truncated building units. The first and the second layers form at least part of a porous portion of the implant. The formed porous portion is attached onto a base portion of an implant. The truncated building units of each of the first and the second layers are in the form of spatially overlapping three-dimensional shapes.

Abstract: A three-dimensional printing apparatus includes a base, a first build plate, and a second build plate. The base includes a build platform. The first build plate is attached to the base and is movable in vertical directions to a position spaced vertically from the build platform. The second build plate is supported by the first build plate such that the second build plate is spaced vertically from the first build plate. A plurality of objects is fabricated by the apparatus. A first object is fabricated on the first build plate. The first build plate is moved vertically. A second object is fabricated on the second build plate.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the disclosure, a method of manufacturing an implant may comprise manufacturing a first portion, coupling an insert with the first portion to form a combined first portion and insert assembly, and additively manufacturing a second portion on the assembly after the coupling step.

Abstract: A three-dimensional printing apparatus includes a base, a first build plate, and a second build plate. The base includes a build platform. The first build plate is attached to the base and is movable in vertical directions to a position spaced vertically from the build platform. The second build plate is supported by the first build plate such that the second build plate is spaced vertically from the first build plate. A plurality of objects is fabricated by the apparatus. A first object is fabricated on the first build plate. The first build plate is moved vertically. A second object is fabricated on the second build plate.

Abstract: A surgical referencing guide includes a body having a contact surface and a first foot extending away from the body. The first foot includes a first reference surface having a first area defined by a standard deviation of a first dataset extracted from a database and being comprised of a plurality of first data points each corresponding to an individual bone within a population of bones and each corresponding to a location of a preselected point on the bone within a predetermined coordinate system.

Abstract: A three-dimensional structure is formed when layers of a material are deposited onto a substrate and scanned with a high energy beam to at least partially melt each layer of the material. Upon scanning the layers at predetermined locations a tube device having a first tube and a second tube intersected with the first tube is formed.

Abstract: A surgical referencing guide includes a body having a contact surface and a first foot extending away from the body. The first foot includes a first reference surface having a first area defined by a standard deviation of a first dataset extracted from a database and being comprised of a plurality of first data points each corresponding to an individual bone within a population of bones and each corresponding to a location of a preselected point on the bone within a predetermined coordinate system.

Abstract: An instrument for setting ligament tension between a distal femur and a proximal tibia has a rod mounted on a femur. The rod has an extension extending along a first axis. A first drive element is mounted on the distal femur and is rotatable about a second axis. A body is rotatably mounted on the rod extension for rotation about the first axis. The body has a second drive element engaging the first drive element and a third drive element extending about a third axis offset from the first and second axes. A ligament tensioning element is mounted on the body and has a foot for engaging a posterior condyle of a femur and has a fourth drive element. A fifth drive element engages both the third and fourth drive elements for moving the ligament balancer with respect to the body along the third axis.

Abstract: An instrument for setting ligament tension between a distal femur and a proximal tibia has a rod mounted on a femur. The rod has an extension extending along a first axis. A first drive element is mounted on the distal femur and is rotatable about a second axis. A body is rotatably mounted on the rod extension for rotation about the first axis. The body has a second drive element engaging the first drive element and a third drive element extending about a third axis offset from the first and second axes. A ligament tensioning element is mounted on the body and has a foot for engaging a posterior condyle of a femur and has a fourth drive element. A fifth drive element engages both the third and fourth drive elements for moving the ligament balancer with respect to the body along the third axis.

Abstract: Tools for resecting the femur include an anchoring device, a three-way alignment guide and a six way alignment guide attachable to the anchoring device, a resection guide attachable to the three-way alignment guide and equipped with couplings for trackers, an A-P sizer, a femoral sizing block bushing attachable to the six-way alignment guide, a 4-in-i femoral cutting block, a 5-in-i positional alignment guide attachable to the six-way alignment guide, a pair of diodes, and a 5-in-one cutting block. Methods of utilizing the apparatus are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system for resecting a tibia and femur during arthroplasty includes anchoring devices, a three-way alignnment guide attachable to an anchoring device. The alignment guide provides for locating a resection guide in three degrees of freedom, including one translation and two rotations. The resection guide is coupled to a computer navigation system.

Abstract: Tools for resecting the femur include an anchoring device, a three-way alignment guide and a six way alignment guide attachable to the anchoring device, a resection guide attachable to the three-way alignment guide and equipped with couplings for trackers, an A-P sizer, a femoral sizing block bushing attachable to the six-way alignment guide, a 4-in-i femoral cutting block, a 5-in-i positional alignment guide attachable to the six-way alignment guide, a pair of diodes, and a 5-in-one cutting block. Methods of utilizing the apparatus are also disclosed.

Abstract: Tools for resecting the femur include an anchoring device, a three-way alignment guide and a six way alignment guide attachable to the anchoring device, a resection guide attachable to the three-way alignment guide and equipped with couplings for trackers, an A-P sizer, a femoral sizing block bushing attachable to the six-way alignment guide, a 4-in-1 femoral cutting block, a 5-in-1 positional alignment guide attachable to the six-way alignment guide, a pair of diodes, and a 5-in-one cutting block. Methods of utilizing the apparatus are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of operating on a joint having a medullary canal, including the steps of removing a first rod that is disposed within a bore of a joint prosthesis. The first rod having a distal tip that extends past the joint prosthesis when the joint prosthesis is implanted in the medullary canal of a bone. Next, a second rod is placed within the bore of the joint prosthesis. The second rod has a second distal tip that extends distally further into the medullary canal of the bone as compared to the distal tip of the first rod when the first rod is positioned within the joint prosthesis.

Abstract: A bone cutting guide block has a saw guide surface thereon and has a body shaped to conform to the anterior-medial shape of the proximal left tibia and distal left femur and also to the anterior-lateral shape of the proximal right tibia or the distal right femur. The block is used by placing the curved inner surface adjacent the anterior-medial or anterior-lateral quadrant of either the tibia or the femur and utilizing images from a computer database utilizing an optical tracking system mounted on the cutting block and referencing to the bone to be cut. Utilizing the tracking system, the cutting guide is positioned preferably by hand in the proximal-distal direction to set the depth of the resection. The cutting guide surface is then oriented by hand to the correct varus-valgus and/or flexion-extension angles and pinned to the bone.

Abstract: Tools for resecting tibia and femur include anchoring devices, a three-way alignment guide attachable to the anchoring devices, two embodiments of a resection guide attachable to the alignment guide and equipped with couplings for trackers, a plane probe for examining the resected plane, and apparatus for EM alignment of the resection guide in the event of a computer failure. The methods of the invention include operating a computer aided navigation apparatus in the conventional manner including attaching one or more trackers to the bone to be resected; choosing a location for the anchoring device with or without guidance from the computer and installing the anchoring device; attaching the three-way alignment guide to the anchoring device; attaching a resection guide to the alignment guide; attaching one or two trackers to the resection guide; locating the resection guide with the aid of the alignment guide and the computer; fixing the resection guide to the bone with pins.

Abstract: Tools for resecting the femur include an anchoring device, a three-way alignment guide and a six way alignment guide attachable to the anchoring device, a resection guide attachable to the three-way alignment guide and equipped with couplings for trackers, an A-P sizer, a femoral sizing block bushing attachable to the six-way alignment guide, a 4-in-1 femoral cutting block, a 5-in-1 positional alignment guide attachable to the six-way alignment guide, a pair of diodes, and a 5-in-one cutting block.

Abstract: Tools for resecting tibia and femur include anchoring devices, a three-way alignment guide attachable to the anchoring devices, two embodiments of a resection guide attachable to the alignment guide and equipped with couplings for trackers, a plane probe for examining the resected plane, and apparatus for EM alignment of the resection guide in the event of a computer failure. The methods of the invention include operating a computer aided navigation apparatus in the conventional manner including attaching one or more trackers to the bone to be resected; choosing a location for the anchoring device with or without guidance from the computer and installing the anchoring device; attaching the three-way alignment guide to the anchoring device; attaching a resection guide to the alignment guide; attaching one or two trackers to the resection guide; locating the resection guide with the aid of the alignment guide and the computer; fixing the resection guide to the bone with pins.