Abstract: A process for continuous dextrose-monohydrate crystallization whereby an evaporated concentrated liquor is mixed with a recirculated dilute phase to form a feeding liquor. At least a portion of this feeding liquor is fed through the shearing zone of a homogenizer. The sheared mother liquor is then fed to a vertical cooling-crystallizer to form a suspension. The suspension is separated into a concentrated phase and a dilute phase. The dilute phase separated from the suspension is employed as the dilute phase which is mixed with the evaporated concentrated liquor.

Abstract: A concentrated stillage with a high solids content may be recovered in such a manner that starch or starch-containing raw materials in a suitably crushed form are coaxially introduced into the center of a homogenizer together with enzymes, which are suitable for making alcohol, while simultaneously introducing steam and are suddenly gelatinized therein mechanically and thermally at temperatures of not less than 50.degree. C. and not more than 115.degree. C. while ultrafinely dividing the enzyme; the starch paste after liquefaction is converted to the glucose and the resultant mash is fermented in such a manner that the stillage obtained with reduced dry matter, after removal of merely the coarse contaminations by, for example, centrifuging is repeatedly recycled without further purification and reused as process liquor.

Abstract: Starch-containing raw materials for the saccharification can be ground at a higher rate and with more economy of energy by mashing the material with hot water, pre-gelatinizing it and then grinding it in the shearing field of a rotor-stator machine having intermeshing radial surfaces. Preferably, enzymes are added already to the mash and hot stillage is used as hot water. Starting material having different grain sizes is previously screened and introduced into the process at different points.

Abstract: A process for producing a water insoluble metal soap comprising:A. producing an aqueous dispersion of a basic metal carbonate by adding a metal oxide or hydroxide to water and then simultaneously adding aqueous ammonia and gaseous carbon dioxide thereto;B. producing a saponified aliphatic acid aqueous emulsion by emulsifying a liquid aliphatic acid with water with stirring and simultaneously adding a small amount of aqueous ammonia thereto; andC. reacting the intermediate products from steps A and B to produce the desired aliphatic acid metal soap by combining the said intermediate products under high shearing conditions.

Abstract: Alkali metal salts of fatty acids or soaps are produced in a continuous process by reacting a fatty acid or fatty acid mixture with an alkali metal hydroxide in the shear field of a rotor-stator machine with interengaging radial surfaces. The reaction occurs in the absence or presence of up to a maximum of 15% by weight of solvent optionally in the presence of other additives of the type normally used in the manufacture of soap. The reaction product is run off as a granulate or a strand like product.

Abstract: The decomposition of cells of biomasses or the like or of substrates containing biomass, e.g. for releasing cell content substances, for separating cell content and cell sheath or for inactivating enzymes or the like is performed by heating and expanding. According to the invention, the biomass or the like is heated by friction, optionally under pressure, to temperatures above the point of evaporation of water and it is subsequently expanded into atmosphere or in a reduced pressure. As for the apparatus, the cells of biomasses or the like are decomposed by means of a centrifugal machine in which a rotor and a stator with facing radial surfaces are coacting. Between the rotor and the stator, there is provided a gap producing frictional heat in a predetermined amount for the material passed continuously therethrough, and at the outlet of the gap, there is an expansion chamber which is in communication the atmosphere.