Abstract: A control system for changing permanently and stepless valve timing in engines with internal combustion. The system is based on the fact that camshaft turns two times slower then the crankshaft. The system contains a double gear that is pivoting around the camshaft gear. The pinion gear is coupled with the camshaft gear. The driver gear is connected to the crankshaft gear through satellite gears, chain or belt. Pivoting the system around the camshaft gear can change valve timing in large limits. There are two different cassettes, the first one (FIG. 3, FIG. 3b and FIG. 4) is for pushrod engines and helps eliminate the inertia of the moving parts. Its movement is controlled by the accelerator pedal. The second cassette (FIG. 5 and FIG. 6) is designed for OHC (over head camshaft) engines and it must pivot around the camshafts moved by actuators under the control of the car computer.

Abstract: Build-up on the surface of a refractory body receiving molten metal is eliminated or reduced by making at least a portion of a material that can be electrically heated to at least about 1150.degree. C., such as an alkaline-earth doped lanthanum chromite. When the surface is that of a nozzle or shroud, an electric current is supplied to heat the material around the opening in the nozzle or shroud to at least about 1150.degree. C.

Abstract: A martensitic stainless steel having an excellent combination of strength and toughness containing0.01 to 0.15% carbon,10 to 13% chromium,2.0 to 5.0% nickel, and0.05 to 0.20% vanadium.